Angelas Ashes summary essays

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How to Calculate the pH of a Weak Acid

How to Calculate the pH of a Weak Acid Calculating the pH of a weak acid is a bit more complicated than determining the pH of a strong acid because weak acids dont completely dissociate in water. Fortunately, the formula for calculating pH is simple. Heres what you do. Key Takeaways: pH of a Weak Acid Finding the pH of a weak acid is a bit more complicated than finding pH of a strong acid because the acid does not fully dissociate into its ions.The pH equation is still the same (pH -log[H]), but you need to use the acid dissociation constant (Ka) to find [H].There are two main methods of solving for hydrogen ion concentration. One involves the quadratic equation. The other assumes the weak acid barely dissociates in water and approximates the pH. Which one you choose depends on how accurate you need the answer to be. For homework, use the quadratic equation. For a quick estimate in the lab, use the approximation. pH of a Weak Acid Problem What is the pH of a 0.01 M benzoic acid solution? Given: benzoic acid Ka 6.5 x 10-5 Solution Benzoic acid dissociates in water as: C6H5COOH → H C6H5COO- The formula for Ka is: Ka [H][B-]/[HB] where:[H] concentration of H ions[B-] concentration of conjugate base ions[HB] concentration of undissociated acid moleculesfor a reaction HB → H B- Benzoic acid dissociates one H ion for every C6H5COO- ion, so [H] [C6H5COO-]. Let x represent the concentration of H that dissociates from HB, then [HB] C - x where C is the initial concentration. Enter these values into the Ka equation: Ka x  · x / (C -x)Ka x ²/(C - x)(C - x)Ka x ²x ² CKa - xKax ² Kax - CKa 0 Solve for x using the quadratic equation: x [-b  ± (b ² - 4ac) ½]/2a x [-Ka (Ka ² 4CKa) ½]/2 **Note** Technically, there are two solutions for x. Since x represents a concentration of ions in solution, the value for x cannot be negative. Enter values for Ka and C: Ka 6.5 x 10-5C 0.01 M x {-6.5 x 10-5 [(6.5 x 10-5) ² 4(0.01)(6.5 x 10-5)] ½}/2x (-6.5 x 10-5 1.6 x 10-3)/2x (1.5 x 10-3)/2x 7.7 x 10-4 Find pH: pH -log[H] pH -log(x)pH -log(7.7 x 10-4)pH -(-3.11)pH 3.11 Answer The pH of a 0.01 M benzoic acid solution is 3.11. Solution: Quick and Dirty Method to Find Weak Acid pH Most weak acids barely dissociate in solution. In this solution we found the acid only dissociated by 7.7 x 10-4 M. The original concentration was 1 x 10-2 or 770 times stronger than the dissociated ion concentration. Values for C - x then, would be very close to C to seem unchanged. If we substitute C for (C - x) in the Ka equation, Ka x ²/(C - x)Ka x ²/C With this, there is no need to use the quadratic equation to solve for x: x ² Ka ·C x ² (6.5 x 10-5)(0.01)x ² 6.5 x 10-7x 8.06 x 10-4 Find pH pH -log[H] pH -log(x)pH -log(8.06 x 10-4)pH -(-3.09)pH 3.09 Note the two answers are nearly identical with only 0.02 difference. Also notice the difference between the first methods x and the second methods x is only 0.000036 M. For most laboratory situations, the second method is good enough and much simpler. Check your work before reporting a value. The pH of a weak acid should be less than 7 (not neutral) and its usually less than the value for a strong acid. Note there are exceptions. For example, the pH of hydrochloric acid is 3.01 for a 1 mM solution, while the pH of hydrofluoric acid is also low, with a value of 3.27 for a 1 mM solution. Sources Bates, Roger G. (1973). Determination of pH: theory and practice. Wiley.Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985). Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology. Pure Appl. Chem. 57 (3): 531–542. doi:10.1351/pac198557030531Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0130399137.Myers, Rollie J. (2010). One-Hundred Years of pH. Journal of Chemical Education. 87 (1): 30–32. doi:10.1021/ed800002cMiessler G. L.; Tarr D .A. (1998). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-841891-8.

What does Jacks mask represent, and what does it show the reader about Essay

What does Jacks mask represent, and what does it show the reader about how Jack is changing - Essay Example His mark made him look like a barbarous creature as compared to his previous appearance of a civilized boy. With his mask, he considered himself a stranger and he wanted to hide behind his mask and do all the barbarous tasks. Jack masked keenly and others followed blindly. After masking his face, he started dancing and laughing with a â€Å"bloodthirsty snarling† that indicates towards the change that appeared in him. The mask hid his real personality of a civilized boy and turned him into a savage, who was ready to hunt, kill and hurt without any mercy. When he was masked, he had to take care of nothing because nobody was going to recognize him. He was hidden behind his mask. His mask compelled him to do the wrong and injurious. He was no more in the bounds of civilization. He was not Jack but someone else and could do anything he liked in his new position without blaming Jack. After masking his face, Jack became more violent. A ship arrived but there was no fire to indicate that the island has some civilized residents. Jack was involved in narrating his bravery story before the boys and he was not at all interested in the ship that has arrived and left them. He covered his face with mask and was a newly barbarous creature and he was not interested to return back to civilization. Jack did all the barbarous actions such as he hunted a pig mercilessly with a masked face and he â€Å"smudged blood over his forehead†. â€Å"Painted faces and Long hair† that is the title of chapter 4 indicates that the boys entered barbarism by masking their identities. Painted faces depict barbarians and it is also a war symbol. The barbarians paint themselves to hide themselves from their enemies or during a fight. Jack by covering his face with paints has converted himself from a civilized person to a savage, a brute who does not care about anyone and acts according to his own instincts. His attitude towards Piggy

Product definition Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product definition - Coursework Example It is one of the most famous fashion line in the contemporary society has attraction clients from a global perspective (Jacobs, 2013). The following are the major reasons why clients purchase this product taking into consideration the five levels of product definition: This is usually the basic product and clients tend to focus on the purpose, which the product was intended. In the case of Louis Vuitton Women’s Trench Coats, clients focus on acquisition of the trench coats in order to provide warmth during rainy and cold seasons. In this level, the major focus of the clients to a product is based on all the qualities it possesses. In relation to Louis Vuitton women’s Trench Coats, they are preferred due to: Their ability to repel rain; high quality of fabrics used to make the coats; their different sizes, thus able to fit people of different body sizes; and the high quality of buttons fitted. In this level, clients tend to have various aspects of expectation regarding a product. Specifically, many clients purchasing Louis Vuitton Trench Coats are majorly attracted by the high quality of design of the coats, which enables the coats to provide warmth in a comfortable manner even when undertaking some physical activities such as riding bicycles. In this level, clients tend to focus on the additional qualities of a targeted product. In the case of Louis Vuitton Women’s Trench Coats, it has been preferred by a large number of clients from various parts of the world owing to the fact that it is a fashionable design and trendy. Louis Vuitton also offers clients a variety of trendy colors and designs that making it one of the most famous clothing lines in the global fashion arena. In this level of product definition, clients tend to focus on the future changes and additional features that may be made on their targeted products. In the case of Louis Vuitton women’s trench coat, there have been new designs, with additional

Does Gender or Sexuality Affect a Young Person’s Transition to Adulthood Essay Example for Free

Does Gender or Sexuality Affect a Young Person’s Transition to Adulthood Essay In this essay there will be a discussion about whether or gender effects the transition to adulthood. There will be a brief definition of gender and transition. There has been great debate over gender but there has been little about masculinity and femininity and the transition to adulthood. It will look at the transitions that gender goes through in relation to that of the past and present day. Then which will be compared if they have changed or continuously stayed the same. There will be theoretical discussion of the psychoanalytic and biosocial theory and how this helps us to understand if gender effects the transitions to adulthood. Being in school and going into the workforce will be examples of how these theories can be applied and explain again if the transitions to adulthood are effect by gender. Then to finished there will be a conclusion. When we think of gender we normal think of the sex of the person, so whether they are female or male. According to Mackenzie (2001:150) gender â€Å"relates to social divisions associated with notions of masculinity and femininity and such divisions vary according to changing contexts†. But is it as simple as this?! Gender is not just determined by whether you are male or female; it is a lot deeper than that as has a variety of aspects. These are gender assignment, gender role, gender identity and gender attribution. To become an adult there is considered to be five core transitions that a young person goes through. These are leaving home, completing school, entering the workforce, marriage and having children. This process is prolonged and varied compared to that of half a century ago. In comparison to then it takes longer for young adults to gain economic and psychological autonomy. According to Berlin et al (2010:20) â€Å" experiences in early adulthood now vary greatly b y gender, race, ethnicity and social class. In industrial society’s most men make the transition to adulthood by be able to go out and work. In comparison to some world cultures who make their transition through rituals. However, the passage form boy to man has become more complicated and hard to determine, which has cause issues which they are not mentally and physically prepared for flood et al(2007:666). Today there is contradiction and problems in relation to what it is to be a man is on the upraise and this is practically noticeable where there has been conflict, for example, in Northern Ireland (ibid). In Northern Ireland there is a tradition for men to live up the masculinity that was presented by other before them which has put pressure of the youths to be just the same. The homicide rates between 1969 to 2001 are a reflection of the phenomena that is associated with the transition of youth into adulthood and violence. There has been more studies on the gender norms is not new however there is significant difference in the amount of research on female and males. Morgan 1981 argues that ‘taking gender seriously’ means bring men back in. he stresses that if we accept that men is not the norm women the deviation and if we want to fully understand the life experiences and chances of all men and women we need to consider the social construction of both femininity and masculinity and focus our research and women and men experiences†. Marchbank Letherby( 2007:28) . Although it was not until the 20th century that subcultures were recognised as male due to the youth movement but still masculinity was not studied flood et all (2007:666). It is the belief of feminist that males disempowered women, according to McKinnon that there is system of power in which male dominances that oppresses women. Therefore, masculinity was seen as a problem. (Mackinnon, C. (1993) However Hearn argues that â⠂¬Å"In particular, it refers to the way in which particular forms of masculinity persist not just in relation to femininity, but also to other forms of masculinity. Accordingly, different forms of masculinity exist in relations of power, that may be characterized as hegemonic or subordinated in relation to one another† Bagihole cross (2002: 208). This suggests the men are not only oppressors of women but of other men. Men and female are different in respect to the gender roles in which they adopt. Naturally men are more strong, aggressive and emotionally detached compared to females who nurturing and caring. However, the family play’s is significant in terms of gender and the transition to adult. The family are the first interaction that the child will have and this is where the main socialisation occurs. They will learn the norms, values and morals form their family In the 1950’s and 1960’s the family role and adult responsibility were viewed as bring synonymous. Men were characterized by the capability to marry and support the family. Whereas, it was getting married and becoming a mother for women. By the age of twenty one woman was married and had a child by the age they was twenty three. This suggests that by the age twenty that men and women were recognised as adults. In the 20th century there was not much relevance’s of when adolescence was, but in their late teen ’s men worked and most of them had formed families. Transitions to adulthood were similar today and just before the industrialization because like then becoming and adult was a gradual and characterized by â€Å"semi-autonomy† with youths waiting until they were economically stable to set up a home. Eagly (1987) social role theory looks at two structural aspects of gender relations. These are the gendered divisions of labour and gendered based hierarchy. This theory demonstrates how these factors pin down the beliefs that society has about men and women. It shows hoe roles of individuals require particular traits and behaviour in order to be seen competent of their gender. Society for example has the idea that women have to be the child bearer and a process the child rearing traits. This is due to the biological reproduction that they have. The theory believes that due to the role segregation it encourages set beliefs and stereotype. This can be seen with the traits associated with each gender. Males are expected to be aggressive, brave, breadwinner and physical able. Whereas, in terms of female they are considered to be caring and nurturing due to their child rearing traits. The gendered stereotypes are reinforced by the status differences of men and women. There appears to be a link between divisions of labour and hierarchy. It is said that makes roles carry more importance and statuses compared to those of females. Home rearing is considered to be of low status compared to that of males who are of high statuses and bring money in. This suggests that stereotypes towards gender reflect upon the status of their traditional roles. It was Freud psychoanalytic theory that looks at the idea that biological factors and the social environment as defining influences of a child’s gender role development. Freud believed the gender role developed in the phallic stage, the child will experience a biological based attachment for the parent of the opposite gender. It was the belief of Freud that it was due the child’s identification with the same gender that resulted in gender role development. The theory helps to explain the reason why boys and girls act in certain ways. Freud stated† that boys are more motivated then girls acquire a more define gender role† Lowu (2007:291) there will is more define because of social pressures. According to money and ehrhardt (1972) biosocial theory there are specific events that determine a person gender role. Almost from the minute that the parent’s find out the sex of the child they will treat the child according to their gender. For example, if the sex of the child is a boy then the colour that the parent will dress them is typically blue and pink if it is a girl. The environment in which the child lives in is also determined by their gender. According to jones (2009:81) the colours that the parents pick shows masculinity or femininity. Therefore as there is this assumption then this affects the clothes, activities and toys they are encouraged to do, this would suggest that each gender are encourage to go down a particular path. The colours that the parents pick shows masculinity or femininity. Therefore as there is this assumption then this affects the clothes, activities and toys they are encouraged to do, this would suggest that each gender are encourage to go down a particular path This then in term may affect the way in which they portray themselves as young adolescents in school. Most girls fine this transition from youth to adolescence quiet difficult, most girls will portray themselves in a way to which they will achieve male approval, this is more easy for those of the popular group. This allows more opportunity for this type of grills to put them at rick and in dangerous situation as they are portraying an older sexuality. According to Woods (1994:32) state â€Å"that women are portrayed as women as sex objects who are usually young, thin beautiful, passive, dependent, and often incompetent and dumb. Female characters devote their primary energies to improving their appearances and taking care of homes and people†. If this is the image that is being injected in the youth minds then it is likely that this is how they will behaviour as they enter into a relationship. This can be seen as negative thing in the eyes of feminists as they beleive that women are oppressed by men. However, if they are raised the same way they have been parents were raised then this would be considered the norm. However, those who were not part of the in crowd reject the notion that there body was for the desire of men only. They opted for the comfy culture rather than the ‘tarty’ look. At this age there is a lot of images that young people will be surround by the media. As mentioned before there is the portrayal of ideal women all over the media, it this girl both in the popular crowds and none popular crowds can have an effect on the transition to adulthood. These images will allow the young girls to think that they have to look a certain way in order to be desire by males (Renold. E. (2005) This may resul t in it effecting there health as they may develop an eating disorder to get their desire look. This could be detrimental their ability to have a family in the future. This suggests that they will not meet one of the five core traditions. In comparison males transitions to adulthood by building on hierarchy among there group. A way that they do this is via showing there masculinity by taking up sports, this will be were all the hierarchy ranking will take place. If they have a problem they will generally solve their issue by fighting this results in them protecting their man hood. Whereas with girls if they have an issues with other then this will go on for a period of time ( Goodwin 2006) Another transition that men and women have is going to full time work. This can be a hard transition to adjust to as being a young adolescence most of the time does not mean having the responsibility of a full time job. Especially for women as they will also have to consider with the right time to have a family is. A problem with this is that they will have to a battle for equal pay. The equal pay act was not introduced till 1947 and was a direct change due to the changing roles of women in society. This means that men and women will receive the same amount of pay for the same job. As well as this, they can apply for the same position in a job regardless of where it is in the hierarchy. However, saying this and it being put into action is different. Still today there is a debate about men and women’s pay. If a man and women go for the same job it is more likely that the man will be given the job. A reason for this may be that if a women has ring her finger the employer will take into account that there is a high chance she will want a family. This mean that they would have to pay for maternity leave,whereas will a man this would not be the case. It is the believed that there is â€Å"An important part of this cultural change comes from providing better information to employees and to shareholders on a companys record on equal pay and employment, (www.guardian.co.uk) This may affect the way women transition into the workforce, this is because they may be put of the idea of career as they may feel what’s the point working at the same level as men only to receive less pay then them. To conclude it would suggest that gender does have a effect on the transition to adulthood. It is apparent that the way in which gender transitions in the past was based on the idea of the men being the bread winner and the female the child bearer. However this has seemed to change as time has moved on. The different theories look at the transition from different points of view but all suggest that gender does affect the transition. It will appear that girls more than more have a tougher time making the transition due to surrounding influences in society.

The Great Depression in America Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Depression Irving Fisher, an economist at Yale University in 1929, confidently stated, â€Å"The nation is marching along a permanently high plateau of prosperity.† Less than a week later, the bottom dropped out of the stock market sending the American economy toward its worst downfall in history. The Great Depression was not only responsible for a dramatic change in the structure of American politics, but also for a change in Americans’ expectations about government. The Depression affected all Americans, rich or poor, and was responsible for ushering numerous social problems into the lives of citizens. Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928. Prior to his election, during his acceptance speech for the Republican nomination, he stated, â€Å"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us.† Many Americans shared Hoover’s optimism in the beginning of 1929. On January 1, 1929, The New York Times printed an editorial reading, â€Å"It has been twelve months of unprecedented advance, of wonderful prosperity. If there is any way of judging the future by the past, this new year will be one of felicitation and hopefulness.† Later that year, on Tuesday, October 29, the market crashed. This day is known as â€Å"Black Tuesday† and is considered the single most devastating financial day in the history of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Prices...

Education Reform Essay

It is undeniably clear that we have serious problems with our education system. Talk to any teacher and you will hear the same complaints; overcrowded classrooms, lack of supplies and text books, unfairness of the grading system, discipline issues, drugs, underpaid teachers and the list goes on and on. The result; our children can’t read, spell or solve basic math problems without a calculator. Many students can not even find their own country on a map. In the midst of debates going on in many different levels, the big question is how can we fix these problems? The National Commission on Excellence in Education delivered a devastating assessment of American education in 1983. According to the commission’s findings; 23 million American adults were illiterate by the simplest tests of reading and writing. Almost 13 percent of all 17 year olds in the United States were functionally illiterate. Illiteracy among minority young was a scaring 40 percent. Scholastic Aptitude tests ( SAT ) showed that average verbal scores fell over 50 points and mathematics scores dropped 40 points from 1963 to 1980. International comparisons of student achievement revealed that on 19 academic tests  American students were never first or second and compared to the other industrialized nations, were last seven times. ( http://www. ed. gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/risk. html (3 of 10 ,2005 ). These findings alarmed the nation and in 1989, an education summit involving all fifty state governors and president George H. W. Bush resulted in the adoption of national education goals for the year 2000. The same year, National Council of Teachers Of Mathematics published the Curriculum and evaluation Standards for School Mathematics, a standards based document. ( Schwardz, 2000 ). Standards based  school reform has become a predominant issue facing public schools. In the 1990’s , The Standards-based National Education Goals were set by the U. S. Congress. This movement resulted in the famous No child Left Behind Act of 2001 which is still an active nation wide mandate in the United States ( Schwardz 2000 ). A standards-based system measures each student against the concrete standard, instead of measuring how well the student performed compared to others. The main goal of this reform is that no student by virtue of poverty, age, race, gender, cultural or ethnic background,  disabilities or family situation will be exempt from learning the required material. ( Robinson,2000 ). The school income from property taxes and the federal funds are based on the student attendance. Every public school is required to take attendance every day so the budget can be given to the state accounting department and the money made available. If a child stays home even for one day, the attendance shows less need for money. Because of this system, we have overcrowded classrooms. The government legislators should realize that fewer students means better classroom management and better education. The fight for the control of public schools also contribute to the problems we are facing with our education system. In the United States, schools are regulated by laws and regulations at the district, county, state and federal levels. The most of day to day activities have been influenced by district level government usually by a district bureaucracy led by a superintended and controlled by a locally elected or appointed school board. ( Smith, 2001 ). State and federal governments often mandate programs and reforms or prohibit certain activities by criminalizing them through legislation or court  precedent or restricting state and federal funds to schools which are not in compliance. ( Robinson, 2000 ). In the early days of our nation, our constitution left education matters Mostly in the hands of states. In those days founding fathers did not want the federal government running education. But times have changed. Now we have a mobile society, new technology, and a global economy which has erased district, county and states lines that once had meaning. Nowadays, whether raised in California, Florida, Colorado or Virginia, all children in America need the same knowledge and skills that will help them  compete in both national and the international marketplace of jobs. Tight local control of public education under the influence of provincial attitudes and ideologies can leave our children ill prepared to survive in this very challenging global environment. Federal government leads the way in important areas such as food, drug, product, financial and environmental regulations and policies. Should not education, one of the most essential contributors to the success and well being of our nation, be naturally included in that list? The violation of the separation of church and state issue has also been an ongoing  debate in our public schools. In our constitution, the first amendment states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, this indicates that a person is free to study any form of religion and that the government will not adopt any religion as the official religion of the state or nation nor will they favor any religion above another ( First Amendment to the United States Constitution, retrieved June 29, 2010 ). There are conflicts over school praying and most people agree that allowing some  groups of children to pray inside the classrooms could offend other children with different religious backgrounds or the children with atheist parents. Author Randall Eberts ( 2007 ) states that if we take a look at any humanities course, we will find religion somewhere. He also states that religion is in science, literature and art. The battle of evolution vs. creationism vs. intelligent design never stops. Science teachers can teach about the planets, stars and galaxies but they have no answer regarding how it all started. They can come up with several theories but it is difficult to satisfy many students with  various religious background. In art classes, Leonardo Da Vinci’s Last Supper and Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel are among the greatest pieces of artistry which are both religious in nature. In order for a student to be able to analyze these types of artwork, they must be able to refer to the religious themes portrayed in the pieces. In literature, Dante’s Inferno is a good example of how religion is approached in a high school literature class. In the text, Dante has established series of rings of hell and categorized which sins would banish a soul to that region for eternity. Since not all students believe in heaven and hell, teachers must be extra careful how to approach this topic so it won’t appear as if they are trying to enforce their viewpoints on the topic. There has to be a fine line between teaching religion and teaching about religion. According to a study by Christian Smith, ( Smith, 2002 ) religion affects students many ways including the following: Religious students are more likely to be involved in community work. Religious students are less likely to be suspended or expelled. Religious students are more likely to be involved in student government. Religious 12th graders are less likely to misbehave at school. Religious 12th graders are less likely to skip school without permission. There is a positive correlation between religious students and their involvement in extracurricular activities. Researchers mark Regnerus and Glen Elder ( Regnerus, 2003 ) conducted a research and found out that â€Å"when youth from low-income neighborhoods attend church, their academic performance improves primarily due to social influences of the church. It seems like most problems in the schools are the result of inability to make important decisions about the future of education in America. Valuable time is wasted by infighting and indecision. We seem powerless to fix the problems. All parties involved should have a common agreement about what some of the basic needs of students are. Our culture and the state of society is rapidly changing. In the light of these changes, new ideas about education can be useful to improve our education system. But they should be investigated for their effectiveness. The key to our future depends on highly educated students who are prepared for the 21st century. Our economic future and ability to compete in the world marketplace depends on it.

The Inseparable Link of Nursing and Caring

Caring is a human instinct. Especially with people that are close to our hearts, people would not hesitate to care for their general well-being. More so, people whose duty is in the service sector, they are more enjoined to care for their customers. This is why â€Å"caring† is both a duty and a responsibility to people involved in the health care profession. As defined by Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), caring means the actions characteristic of concern for the well-being, such as sensitivity, comforting, attentive listening, and honesty for the patient.One of the frequent reminders offered to health care professionals is that â€Å"patients are people†. This is not because health care professionals do not know this or, worse, do not care about the status of their patients. It is simply that in the cut and thrust of decision making in relation to the clinical management of a patient’s condition, the human side of health care can be overshadowed by its technical aspects.No doubt, to become a successful nurse, one must not only learn to deal with their patients as clients, caring for them is important to assure their recovery from any maladies. Since the days of Florence Nightingale, there has been a direct link between nursing and service to others (Kearney, 2001). When a child is asked why they want to become a doctor or a nurse, they often respond, â€Å"To help other people†.   This response partially defines caring because caring cannot occur if others are not involved. Caring requires a recipient.Several theorists have developed conceptual models based on caring. One of them is Dorthea Orem, who developed the Self-Care Deficit Model (1995). Orem believed that all individuals desire to care for and meet their personal care needs and that each person has varied abilities to participate in meeting his personal self-care needs.The nurse attempts to meet the client's self-care needs in an effort to red uce the client's self-care deficits. On the other hand, Watson (1999) believed that caring is a moral ideal and that nursing is a caring art and science. The client is the center of human caring. Finally, Leininger (2001) purported that nursing is a learned art focused on caring in accord with an individual’s culture. To these theorists, caring definitely is a vital component of nursing.Moreover, Bertero (1999) deemed that caring includes â€Å"all aspects of delivering nursing care to patients† (p. 414). Thus, caring is the essence and the unifying core of nursing. In her book, Leininger proposed that caring is the trademark of nursing practice: â€Å"Care is the essence and the central unifying and dominant domain to characterize nursing. Care has also been postulated to be an essential human need for the full development, health maintenance, and survival of human beings in all world cultures† (1988, p. 3). These statements imply that caring is both the duty a nd responsibility of all nurses as members of the health care profession..Indeed, the central aim of both nursing and medicine is to act in the best interests of the patient. This is such an obvious statement that it is hardly worth setting down on the page. However, the old adage ‘easier said than done’ springs readily to mind once we begin to think out the practicalities of acting in the patient’s best interests. Most difficult, perhaps, is the question of how we know what the patient would say these are.The place of advance directives is relevant here as they present a very clear example of situations where the patient’s interests are known, yet they still lead to complex discussions about the validity of the patient’s view on their situation. The problem is that nurses have to be sure that the circumstances they face are the ones anticipated by the patient when the advance directive was made.With all the stress and challenges of being a nurse, c oupled with the management of extended workloads and staff shortages within already restricted finances, it is not surprising that the focus of nursing and caring gets lost within the biomedical emphasis. The advent of clinical supervision focused on reflective practice has promoted a refocusing of the emphasis towards patient-centered care and caring as central to nursing. It provides a structure within which any nurse can develop both personally and professionally, maximizing their therapeutic potential to improve patient care while balancing all challenges with caring for their patients.Although some nurses see their profession as a stepping stone for financial reward, others see nursing profession as a vocation   that provides self-satisfaction or self-fulfillment. Whatever intentions they might have in mind, nursing defines who they are. Nursing, to a professional, is a career plan, a central part of his core being; and caring is the behavioral outcome.The concepts of essenti al relationships and self-reward may comprise care of others and care of self. â€Å"Components of this service ideal include a profound sense of purpose, a true sense of capability, and a deep concern for others demonstrated as caring† (Hood & Leddy, 2003, p. 32). Service to others provides a meaningful life purpose. Service gives the individual feelings of competence in the ability to perform a task. Service is the link between concern for others and action in response to concern.Definitely, nurses would be able to meet a client's needs when provide services with care and concern. Caring is a commitment by the nurse to become involved, and its character is relational. Fact is that nurses entered into this relationship with their whole being as they chose to venture in this kind of profession (Bertero, 1999, p. 415). To realize that caring is more than a physical presence, nurses should promote a relational concern for the patient’s well-being. It is essential that th ere is an active commitment for both the process of healing for the patient and to the furtherance of our nursing knowledge. Thus, there should be a union of caring and competence and the link should be seen as the ultimate goal of the nursing practice.ReferencesBertero, C. (1999). Caring For and About Cancer Patients: Identifying the Meaning of the Phenomenon â€Å"Caring† through Narratives. Cancer Nursing, 22(6): 414–420.Hood, L. and Leddy, S. (2003). Leddy and Pepper's Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott .Kearney, R. (2001). Advancing Your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company Leininger, M. (1988). Care: The Essence of Nursing and Health. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.Leininger, M. (2001). Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing. Boston: Jones and Bartlett.Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary. (2002). Caring. Retrieved 27 October 2006, fro m xreferplus.Orem, D. (1995). Nursing: Concepts of Practice (5th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.Watson, J. (1999). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. The Inseparable Link of Nursing and Caring Caring is a human instinct. Especially with people that are close to our hearts, people would not hesitate to care for their general well-being. More so, people whose duty is in the service sector, they are more enjoined to care for their customers. This is why â€Å"caring† is both a duty and a responsibility to people involved in the health care profession. As defined by Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), caring means the actions characteristic of concern for the well-being, such as sensitivity, comforting, attentive listening, and honesty for the patient.One of the frequent reminders offered to health care professionals is that â€Å"patients are people†. This is not because health care professionals do not know this or, worse, do not care about the status of their patients. It is simply that in the cut and thrust of decision making in relation to the clinical management of a patient’s condition, the human side of health care can be overshadowed by its technical aspects.No doubt, to become a successful nurse, one must not only learn to deal with their patients as clients, caring for them is important to assure their recovery from any maladies. Since the days of Florence Nightingale, there has been a direct link between nursing and service to others (Kearney, 2001). When a child is asked why they want to become a doctor or a nurse, they often respond, â€Å"To help other people†.   This response partially defines caring because caring cannot occur if others are not involved. Caring requires a recipient.Several theorists have developed conceptual models based on caring. One of them is Dorthea Orem, who developed the Self-Care Deficit Model (1995). Orem believed that all individuals desire to care for and meet their personal care needs and that each person has varied abilities to participate in meeting his personal self-care needs. The nurse attempts to meet the client's self-care needs in an effort to re duce the client's self-care deficits. On the other hand, Watson (1999) believed that caring is a moral ideal and that nursing is a caring art and science. The client is the center of human caring. Finally, Leininger (2001) purported that nursing is a learned art focused on caring in accord with an individual’s culture. To these theorists, caring definitely is a vital component of nursing.Moreover, Bertero (1999) deemed that caring includes â€Å"all aspects of delivering nursing care to patients† (p. 414). Thus, caring is the essence and the unifying core of nursing. In her book, Leininger proposed that caring is the trademark of nursing practice: â€Å"Care is the essence and the central unifying and dominant domain to characterize nursing. Care has also been postulated to be an essential human need for the full development, health maintenance, and survival of human beings in all world cultures† (1988, p. 3). These statements imply that caring is both the duty and responsibility of all nurses as members of the health care profession..Indeed, the central aim of both nursing and medicine is to act in the best interests of the patient. This is such an obvious statement that it is hardly worth setting down on the page. However, the old adage ‘easier said than done’ springs readily to mind once we begin to think out the practicalities of acting in the patient’s best interests. Most difficult, perhaps, is the question of how we know what the patient would say these are. The place of advance directives is relevant here as they present a very clear example of situations where the patient’s interests are known, yet they still lead to complex discussions about the validity of the patient’s view on their situation. The problem is that nurses have to be sure that the circumstances they face are the ones anticipated by the patient when the advance directive was made.With all the stress and challenges of being a nurse, coupled with the management of extended workloads and staff shortages within already restricted finances, it is not surprising that the focus of nursing and caring gets lost within the biomedical emphasis. The advent of clinical supervision focused on reflective practice has promoted a refocusing of the emphasis towards patient-centered care and caring as central to nursing. It provides a structure within which any nurse can develop both personally and professionally, maximizing their therapeutic potential to improve patient care while balancing all challenges with caring for their patients.Although some nurses see their profession as a stepping stone for financial reward, others see nursing profession as a vocation   that provides self-satisfaction or self-fulfillment. Whatever intentions they might have in mind, nursing defines who they are. Nursing, to a professional, is a career plan, a central part of his core being; and caring is the behavioral outcome.   The concepts of essential relationships and self-reward may comprise care of others and care of self. â€Å"Components of this service ideal include a profound sense of purpose, a true sense of capability, and a deep concern for others demonstrated as caring† (Hood & Leddy, 2003, p. 32). Service to others provides a meaningful life purpose. Service gives the individual feelings of competence in the ability to perform a task. Service is the link between concern for others and action in response to concern.Definitely, nurses would be able to meet a client's needs when provide services with care and concern. Caring is a commitment by the nurse to become involved, and its character is relational. Fact is that nurses entered into this relationship with their whole being as they chose to venture in this kind of profession (Bertero, 1999, p. 415). To realize that caring is more than a physical presence, nurses should promote a relational concern for the patient’s well-being. It is essential that there is an active commitment for both the process of healing for the patient and to the furtherance of our nursing knowledge. Thus, there should be a union of caring and competence and the link should be seen as the ultimate goal of the nursing practice.ReferencesBertero, C. (1999). Caring For and About Cancer Patients: Identifying the Meaning of the Phenomenon â€Å"Caring† through Narratives. Cancer Nursing, 22(6): 414–420.Hood, L. and Leddy, S. (2003). Leddy and Pepper's Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott .Kearney, R. (2001). Advancing Your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company .Leininger, M. (1988). Care: The Essence of Nursing and Health. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.Leininger, M. (2001). Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing. Boston: Jones and Bartlett.Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary. (2002). Caring. Retrieved 27 October 2 006, from xreferplus. http://www.xreferplus.com/entry/3031342Orem, D. (1995). Nursing: Concepts of Practice (5th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.Watson, J. (1999). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation is defined by the World Health Organization as a procedure that involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for no medical reasons. It is carried out without anesthesia and may involve injury of the genital area. This practice is usually carried out on girls who have just reached puberty or are a few days old into puberty.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Female genital mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The practice is usually carried out by a traditional circumciser or a person who is experienced in doing the mutilation in a traditional non-medical setting. The cut is made using a knife, scissors or razor blade. This practice is common in Western, Northern and Eastern parts of Africa and some parts of Asia and the Middle East. It is also practiced among some immigrant communities in Europe, Australia and North America. It is estimated that approximately 100-140 million girls around the world have undergone female genital mutilation. Out of the 140 million, 92 million are from Africa (Gruenbaum, 2001). There are four types of female genital mutilation. However, only three of the four types are commonly practiced. Type I involves removal of the clitoral hood. Usually this also involves removal of the clitoris itself. Type II involves removal of the clitoris and the inner labia while type three involves removal of the inner and outer labia, the clitoris, and stitching of the wound leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. The stitches only come off during sexual intercourse and child birth. This usually involves tearing and bleeding. Type III is the most common of the procedures and is usually practiced in several countries such as Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti. Type IV involves symbolic pricking of the clitoris or labia or cutting of the vagina to widen it (Gollaher, 2000). Rationale Female genital mutilation i s considered to be a violation of the human rights of the girl child hence the reason for choosing this topic. Issues that have been raised about the practice focus on the human rights violations, lack of informed consent and health risks. Health risks include issues such as recurrent vaginal and urethral tract infections. In addition, complications during child birth are likely to occur. Several countries have made efforts to stop the practice following health concerns and medical risks associated with the practice. Previous studies An observation that 90% of Eritrean women had undergone circumcision in 2002 sparked an interest in understanding the trends, factors that lead to female genital mutilation and its consequences. This study used data collected from the 2002 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the 2003 Female Genital Mutilation to determine factors that influence mothers to take their daughters through the practice and attitudes towards the practice (Woldmicael , 2009).Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The findings of the study found that female genital mutilation was more common among older women than it was among the younger ones. The younger women were less likely to take their daughters through the female genital mutilation process than the older women. The study also revealed that 89% of Eritrean women had undergone the practice. 39% had undergone the type III genital mutilation which is the most severe of the 4 types. When it comes to religion, neither Christianity nor Islam seems to have any significant influence on the practice (Woldmicael, 2009). The findings show that even the least severe form of genital mutilation leads to complications during birth and puts the victim at risk of other health complications. This study also showed that social acceptance also favored the practice. The practice is considered to be a n honor and earns the family respect. It also increases the girl’s chances of getting married. The society also believes that genital mutilation controls sexual promiscuity, protects the girl from potential seducers and rapists and also preserves her virginity (Woldmicael, 2009). The study shows that female genital mutilation is being practiced in parts of this world and therefore strategies to combat it have been put in place. However, for a practice that is considered to be a violation of human rights of the girl child, it is still being practiced among some communities. Governments have been urged to implement laws that incriminate this practice in regions where it is being practiced. However, it is very difficult to implement the law if the practice is a widely accepted vice. Very little research has been done in trying to establish why the practice still exists even when those who practice it have been educated and sensitized on the issue. Therefore this study will inves tigate further on the existing socio-cultural dynamics of female genital mutilation. Approaches to the study The most common question is why those who practice female genital mutilation actually do it. Some people have condemned the practice while others simply have tried to understand the practice. It is however important to understand the cultural history of the practice if one is to be able to understand the cultural dynamics. Most people attribute the practice to Islam but it has been shown that religion does not play a part in the practice. Several customs and beliefs contribute to female genital mutilation and these customs are often hard to get rid of.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Female genital mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Sudan, for instance, it is believed that the campaign against FGM was a sure way of changing women’s consciousness. If a woman allowed her genitals to be r emoved, a heightened level of motherhood is achieved because it would not be tainted by sexuality. As a result she earns respect in the community. She also becomes empowered because by going through the process, she gets to earn respect from society (Shell-Duncan Hernland, 2000). Other societies regard uncircumcised women to be unclean and unfit to handle food and water. Their status as a mother is regarded to be impure and is often looked down upon. Some communities believe that if a woman is not circumcised then her genitals will continue to grow and dangle in between her legs. In addition, they believe that if a man’s penis came into contact with a woman’s clitoris, he would die. Similarly, if a baby’s head came into contact with the clitoris, it would also die (Boyle, 2002). Conclusion Female genital mutilation is an issue that needs to be addressed in the world today. Statistics have shown that a good percentage of women around the world have suffered a ty pe of female genital mutilation. This has struck controversy among human rights groups such as Amnesty international. Ways of trying to curb the practice have been proposed and in most parts of the world have been implemented. However, the practice is still persistent in our present day society. Understanding the cultural dynamics behind it is very important if we are to completely eradicate female genital mutilation. Therefore, this is a gap that needs to be researched on in order to be able to fully understand this practice as well as try to completely eradicate it. Reference Boyle, E. H. (2002). Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community. Johns Hopkins University Press. Gollaher, D (2000). Female Circumcision Circumcision: A History of the Worlds Most Controversial Surgery. Basic Books. Gruenbaum, E. (2001) The Female Circumcision Controversy. University of Pennsylvania Press.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shell-Duncan, B Hernlund, Y (eds). (2000) Female Circumcision in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers Woldemicael, G. (2009). Female Genital Cutting in Contemporary Eritrea: Determinants, Future Prospects and Strategies for Eradication. A journal on Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 25(2): 1-29

The Many Meanings of Quarter

The Many Meanings of Quarter The Many Meanings of Quarter The Many Meanings of Quarter By Mark Nichol The word quarter has numerous senses as a noun, verb, and adjective, is the basis of several words beginning with quarter, and shares an origin with quart. Quart and quarter come from Latin by way of French; in Latin, quartus means â€Å"the fourth†; it is cognate with four. Quart came to mean â€Å"one-fourth of a gallon,† while quarter refers to one of four (usually) equal parts of a whole. Quarter often pertains, with no further description, to one-fourth of a year, often in business and especially financial contexts but also in terms of one of four segments of a school year, or to one of four periods of equal length that together constitute the duration of an athletic competition or other game. The word also refers to a compass point or direction other than north, south, east, or west or to one-fourth of the horizon or the area beneath it. In addition, it may apply to a district within a municipality or to the people living there, though the term is not precise; such a quarter may be much larger or, more commonly, much smaller than one-fourth of the city or town’s area. Quarters, the plural form, pertains to one’s living accommodations, to an assigned post or station, or to assembly of a ship’s crew. Speaking of ships, either side of the stern, or rear, of a ship is called a quarter, and the deck at the stern of a ship is called the quarterdeck. Another term pertaining to maritime vocabulary is quartermaster. One or more quartermasters traditionally assisted the master, or captain, of a ship (later an officer subordinate to the captain called the sailing master) in navigation; it remains a rating, or a designation delineating job responsibilities, in modern navies. (Among pirates during the Age of Sail, however, quartermaster was the title of a crew member second only to the captain in authority; often, both positions were filled by election.) Although these low-ranking but key naval officers also helped the master stow supplies and cargo to optimize smooth sailing, the application of the word to refer to an army officer responsible for disbursing clothing and supplies to troops seems to have developed independently, stemming from the title of a court official responsible for a monarch’s sleeping chamber. Quarter also describes 25 cents in US currency, especially a coin bearing that value. Terms derived from quarter are defined below: In football, a quarterback is positioned midway between the front line and the halfback, who is halfway between the line and the fullback. (The halfback and fullback positions were derived from similar positions in rugby, from which football originated, while the quarterback position was invented for football.) The noun quarterly, which refers to a publication produced four times a year, is derived from the adjective quarterly, which describes any occurrence of that frequency. A quarterstaff is a long stick used as a weapon; both competing explanations for the origin of the word (either it refers to the placement of one’s hands when wielding it or to quarter used to refer to a cut of lumber) lack authority. A quartet is a group of any four people or things, though the term usually pertains to a four-piece music ensemble. A quarto is a format for printing books or pamphlets in which eight pages are printed on one sheet of paper to produce four leaves with print on both sides; the term may also refer to the size of a publication (about as large as a magazine). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageBody Parts as Tools of Measurement20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

KanIrraDeebaaQubeeQabusan Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

KanIrraDeebaaQubeeQabusan - Article Example a good working condition, I always wear several hats like being an expert clinician, a mentor, supporting staff members and advocating for patients and families tirelessly. Since I worked as a nurse, we have had a good relationship with staff members and this has made my career successful. I live in Richmond town. The goals of my course is to understand the main causes of bipolar disorder, its signs and symptoms, to understand in detail the four types of mood episode in bipolar disorder, how to treat the diseases and the varying cost of treatment. I will also like to learn how to train an individual on how to handle the disorder in their own and know how to provided guiding and counseling to patients. My case study will be about care of Susie who is suffering from bipolar disease. The patient is a 22 years old student. For over a week, he has gone without a sleep and throughout the week he has spent time in heightened state of activity, she can’t control what he is doing. He has developed strange and grandiose behavior that takes mystical tone, he also forgets what he always do and he has started writing notes so as not to forget what he is doing. The policy issues related to Susie case include enforcement of non discrimination laws; Susie has been facing discriminated in school according to his friends and this made her become stressed. Stress is one of the main causes of bipolar disorder, discrimination against Susie also lead to poor healthy working life balance which end up causing bipolar. Title VII of The Civil Rights Act, 1964 prohibits â€Å"discrimination in terms and conditions of work on the ground of race, color, national origin, sex and religion. The school atmosphere for Susie has not been favorable. The poor studying environment resulted in hostility, mistrust, and rivalry which lead to depression because it spreads negative attitude and harm relationship between Susie and other students. Another policy is taking the right food. Healthy eating will

Strategic Plan Part III Financial Plan of Health Care Organization Term Paper

Strategic Plan Part III Financial Plan of Health Care Organization selected in part 1 and 2 - Term Paper Example Financial planning provides projection of expected expenses and income aimed at establishing the project feasibility. Financial planning helps eliminate doubts regarding the success of projects through the provision of viable information regarding financial income and expenditures. The Bayshore hospital financial plan aims at establishing the costs for initiating the intended changes following formulation of a strategic plan. Numerous elements are considered in developing the financial plan to enhance detail accuracy of the provided estimations. The financial plan could be divided into two main sections of expenses and income (Ireland, 2006). Though these figures have been estimated, these predictions include market based values of item costs. Utilisation of market based costs should ensure closeness of the estimated budget to actual figures during operation. The budget presented here is an expansion project concerning diagnostic imaging project, intended for introduction into the hospital. These allocations can, therefore, be identified as departmental allocations for the diagnostic imaging department. The expenses section of this financial plan includes all the expected activities that shall involve the use of capital available at the disposal of the hospital. During the initial stage, a capital outlay of 2.5 million shall be invested into the purchasing of equipment and setup of the essential amenities necessary for undertaking the required diagnostic procedures. This shall become the overall project capital investment. Salaries of employees to be hired have been considered as the main expense. Salaries constitute the largest section of the budgetary allocation. Within this financial plan, they constitute 65% of the revenue collected from the project. 4% Salary increments are expected to be implemented during the third year, hence increasing