Summary Of The Invisible Man - 2605 Words

The invisible man begins his journey as a young, naà ¯ve student who is bewildered as he experiences his first taste of blindness. The narrator is a gifted, student with a specialty orating speeches; he and a few other boys are invited to a ceremony but are actually used for â€Å"white entertainment†. They are forced to look upon an unattainable American dream, represented by a nude woman, â€Å"†¦and in the center, facing us, stood a magnificent blonde—stark naked[†¦]Had the price of looking been blindness, I would have looked[†¦]I wanted at one and the same time to run from the room, to sink through the floor, or go to her and cover her from my eyes and the eyes of the others with my body, to feel the soft thighs, to caress her and destroy her, to love her and murder her, to hide from her, and yet to stroke her below the small American flag tattooed upon her belly her thighs formed a capital V† (19). With the woman representing America, Afri can Americans like the narrator were forced to live the American life but were prevented from obtaining the American dream. They were kept in a submissive state, blindly following what â€Å"White America† thought best for them. The narrator and the boys are also physically blindfolded, which prevents them from seeing their exploitation as entertainment for the white people, â€Å"All ten of us climbed under the ropes and allowed ourselves to be blindfolded with broad bands of white cloth† (21). The symbolism of the white cloth is representative of theShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Invisible Man1450 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1936, Ellison went to New York City for an internship and while he was there he earned money for his college expenses. He was a researcher and writer in New York for The Federal Writers Program. Plot Summary: Invisible Man is a story by Ralph Ellison, told in the point of view of a black man from the South whose name is never revealed, who we just refer to as the narrator. He is haunted by the warning his grandfather gave to not conform to the wishes of white people. The first time the narratorRead MoreSummary Of The Invisible Man 1612 Words   |  7 PagesKeenan Fix Essay 1: The Invisible Man History 228 Professor Harris 5-7 Pages Finding awareness through a journey Throughout the novel The Invisible Man, the narrator struggles with constant prejudice and racism. These negative experiences in many ways shape his opinions and the way in which he views the world. The narrator suffers indignities at the hands of white men early on and no matter what he does he seems to be attacked in part because of his race. The narrator believesRead More Betrayal of Self in Ellisons Invisible Man Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesBetrayal of Self in Ellisons Invisible Man   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man, the nameless narrator is betrayed by a handful of different characters--for this reason his life remains in a constant state of upheaval throughout the novel. Confusion and a lack of personal vision cause the Invisible Man to trust many characters whose designs for him are less than virtuous. Oftentimes these characters betray the Invisible Man, whose reactions to said betrayals form the greater part ofRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1366 Words   |  6 Pagesroyal originated with the Romans, more than two millennia ago, when gladiators would duke it out with no protection, ending in a solitary blood stained fighter left standing, amidst unbridled carnage. The titular narrator of Ralph Ellison s novel Invisible Man, is no stranger to those experiences. In the beginning, he is forced to fight several other black boxers for the amusement of many heckling, white spectators. Through the imaginative use of objects, symbols, a llusions, and the actions, thoughtsRead MoreInvisible Man Character Analysis1533 Words   |  7 PagesIf you skipped from the end of the prologue of Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, all the way until the protagonist’s eviction speech, you would probably pick up the plot and character developments without a problem. The first few ordeals described in the novel can be infuriating because of the narrator’s naà ¯ve outlook and his persistence in trying to follow a ‘respectable’ path upwards in life. All of the psychological shifts that lead up to the captivating scenario from the first few pages happenRead MoreInvisible Cities By Italo Calvino1395 Words   |  6 PagesItalo Calvino’s (1923-1985) novel Invisible Cities consists of a number of dialogues between traveller Marco Polo and the Tartar Emperor Kublai Khan. Traveller Marco Polo tells Kublai Khan tales of the numerous cities of his empire, which the Khan himself will never visit. The men pla y with the notion that an understanding of the world’s cities will inform the emperor on how to govern his realm (Bloom 2001). Each city cannot be compared, as they are all radically different from one another. CalvinoRead MoreMetaphor, Metonymy and Vioce895 Words   |  4 Pageswas defined as the substitution based on the resemblance or analogy and then she goes on to the metonymic meaning which she defines as the basis of a relation or association other than that similarity. Paul De Man, a deconstructionist literary critic and theorist, provides a brief summary stating the preference for the metaphor over metonymy by aligning analogy with necessity and contiguity with chance. According to him, â€Å"’the element of truth’ is the product of a purely rhetorical and ultimatelyRead MoreWomen’s Income Inequality and The American Dream Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthere has always been some sort of inequality. Right from the start we had slavery, degra ding African Americans and not giving them equal rights, as a white man would have. That lasted for a long time and then the great depression was next, creating income inequality, killing the economy and ruining the job field for the average working man, and now a days it isn’t any better. We are still currently going through hard economic times that have a big impact on jobs, like Robert Frank says, â€Å"†¦ duringRead MoreCritical Analysis of The Lottery695 Words   |  3 Pagesother towns were getting rid of the lottery. There is one man, Old Man Warner, the town elder is disgusted of the thought of ending the lottery. He has been around for the lottery since he was a child. The black box that the paper is drawn from is a very significant item to the lottery. The current black box is thought to be made from parts of the original black box. â€Å"One by one each male head of the household (or woman if there was no man to take her place) walked up to the box in alph abetical orderRead MoreFree Market Economy: Capitalism and Freedom by Milton Friedman948 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Æ' What is a free market really? By definition a â€Å"Free market† is a summary term for an array of exchanges that take place in society† (Econlib). However there is more to it than that, in fact there is much to be learned and understood from a free market. A free market is a place (physical or not) where a person(s) in a community are able to go and exchange goods based on supply and demand. A truly free market has no barriers to entrance or to exit, and many goods and services. In any case people

Female Serial Killers - 2154 Words

Not many people know that women can murder others, let alone, be serial murderers. What has been perceived generally in our societies is that women are the creation of God who sacrifice for others and care selflessly. It is the males who are seen as the abusers, the ones who murder, kill others for their selfish motives. That is true but not completely. The majority of people who abuse, or kill are males. However, women are also seen as doing these acts so anonymous to their â€Å"feminism†. Women also murder, and surprisingly, â€Å"they can be even more dangerous than males† (Deborah, 2000). My research paper will prove that women can be murderers and some can be really brutal. WHAT IS SERIAL MURDER? Serial murder has been defined as†¦show more content†¦There is a benefit of choosing such a profession that places them in situations where they are in contact with helpless individuals. Due to their vulnerability it becomes easier to poison the victim as the sick or infirm cannot resist. Plus, when a sick victim dies and there are no overt signs of struggle, it is easy for police to mistake the crime for a natural death. Over 50% are either very young or very old (Deborah, 2000). What is the purpose behind the murders? Women kill largely for instrumental reasons such as monetary gain rather than affective reasons such as achieving motional satisfaction. Absent is the presence of sexual fantasy as a motivating factor (Richard N.Kocsis, 2007). A survey of known serial killers worldwide reveals that 41% of homicidal women kill for profit or greed. Female serial killers who victimize their own children and other relatives sometimes have a much stranger motive than profit. According to psychiatrists, some of them become addicted to the sympathetic attention they receive after the death of their loved ones (Micheal John, 2008). TYPES OF FEMALE SERIAL MURDERERS Black widows The nickname of such killers, of course, comes from the black widow spider, which kills its partner after mating. Human black widows are essentially the same. They usually start killing after the age of twenty-five, and for a decade or longer theyShow MoreRelatedFemale Serial Killers : A Serial Killer Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesFemale Serial Killers For the most part the domain of serial homicide is ruled by men. There is however some females that has and can be serial killers. According to Bartol Bartol (2005) there have been at thirty six female serial killers throughout the United States. In general society we do not like to believe that women are capable of committing such acts, but as we continue to alter our views, moral, and beliefs of women’s equality and feminism there is room for women to be just as likelyRead MoreThe Role Of Female Serial Killers On The Mind Of A Serial Killer1594 Words   |  7 PagesDelving into the mind of a serial killer can be a dark and twisted place to go, but also very interesting and intriguing at the same time. While the majority of serial killers in history have been men, women have also had their place in this type of crime. Often our first question when we hear the news of a new serial killer, our first question is â€Å"who is he?† But as we will examine through the rese arch for this paper, women can also be geared to not only kill but to do it over and over again. AlthoughRead MoreEssay on Female Serial Killers738 Words   |  3 PagesFemale Serial Killers While most of the violent crimes that happens most are them are belongs to men, women have not been the wilting flowers promoted so heartily by Victorian adorers and (right or wrong) often evident in todays society. Before we get into detail about the fascinating phenomenon of the Black Widow, it is worth a brief overview of womens escalating role in the world of violent crime, particularly in the United States. Since 1970, there has been an increasing and alarming riseRead MoreFemale Serial Killers Essay2409 Words   |  10 Pagesmany catastrophes performed by a woman serial killer. Serial killers are a problem in the United States, murdering on average 2000 people each year (Indiana University np). â€Å"In fact, serial murder in the United States alone makes up more than three-quarters of the estimated world total† (Innes 5). Although women serial killers are not very common, they still have a huge impact on the death toll of innocent victims. In order to understand how woman serial killers operate, it is important to understandRead MoreThe First American Female Serial Killer3507 Words   |  15 PagesMechanisms 7 Immature Defence Mechanisms 8 Neurotic Defence Mechanisms 9 Mature Defence Mechanisms 9 Conclusion 11 â€Æ' The person I am going to analyse in this assignment is Aileen ‘Lee’ Carol Wuornos who was considered to be the first American female serial killer (Anon., 2015). Wuornos was born on February 29th 1956 in Rochester Michigan (Anon., 2015). Her father, Leo Dale Pittman was an alleged child molester and her mother Diane Wuornos was a teen mother who was not capable of taking up the responsibilitiesRead MoreFemale Serial Killers773 Words   |  4 PagesFEMALE SERIAL KILLERS Rudyard Kipling once said that the female of the species is far more deadly than the male. Female serial killers more than prove that theory, yet they have always been something of an anomaly in criminology and a puzzle for law enforcement. These are the quiet killers, every bit as lethal as their male counterparts, but we are seldom aware of one in our midst because of their low visibility. Most female crime is hidden. Kelleher Kelleher (1998) argue that female serialRead MoreThe Topic Of Female Serial Killers3596 Words   |  15 PagesMy essay is based on the topic of Female Serial Killers. I have collected information and statistics to develop my understanding. I have questions that convey interest in the field of studies of criminology, psychology and gender roles such as why do women kill? How do they kill? Is there difference between male and female serial killers? I came across this topic because I am interested in unusual portrayals of people in society and I have been fascinated by this controversial theory of Nature vsRead MoreFemale Serial Killers: Statistics and Research864 Words   |  3 PagesFemale Serial Killers: Serial killer is described as an example of a murderer who kills several individuals over a long period of time. While these people are usually male motivated by various psychological motives such as power, the number of female serial killers has increased significantly in the recent past. Unlike their male counterparts, female serial killers use less visible means of murder such as poisoning in order to keep under the radar and remain discrete (Gilbert et. al., 2003). SinceRead MoreSerial Murder And Mass Murder936 Words   |  4 Pages Before we can take on the definitions of serial murder and mass murder, we must first understand what exactly constitutes murder. According to the United States Code-section 1111, murder is defined as the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought (4). With that said, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the term serial murder implies that there are at least three different murder events at three different locations, with a â€Å"cooling off† period between each event (RamslandRead MoreThe Mind of Monsters1390 Words   |  6 PagesMorgan is a fictional serial killer from Showtime’s series â€Å"Dexter†, but the writers and actors have portrayed a real life serial killer. Manuel Prado is the real Dexter Morgan. Prado was a Miami cop who started with smaller crime and worked his way up to becoming a serial killer. †Prosecutor David Waksman told the Miami Herald: He was very cold. He was doing robberies and went home and slept lik e a baby. He was proud of what he did.† (International, 2012) Real life serial killers do not have any empathy

Blood Brothers The Evaluation Essay Example For Students

Blood Brothers The Evaluation Essay On the 12th of February 2004, we went to the Phoenix Theatre in London to watch a production of Willy Russells Blood Brothers. This was a play about two twins separated at birth and how they grew up in completely contrasting lifestyles. In my opinion, the play was excellent. The instant the lights were dimmed, I knew this play would be very good the curtain effects at the beginning were stunning. Some lights projected blue and red shapes onto the seemingly opaque curtain, and then the curtain seemed to change to transparent The storyline was extremely closely followed with minor modifications, which, I think, only improved the production, for instance, a few bits were added (Mickey becoming a rock star for a while and Mickey asking Linda out e. t. c). The costumes used in the play were brilliant, and suited the era and the storyline Mickey wore clothes that had holes in and that werent in good condition, or very clean, whereas Edward wore exactly the opposite smart, clean clothes. The other characters were dressed very accurately too extreme attention was taken to detail I thought the policemen at the end was real! The milkman and doctor (both played by the same actor) were also dressed realistically. The settings used were also very suiting to the play the backdrop for the house the picture, the table e. t. c, also, the street background either side of the action was realistic the doors that couldve been painted on actually opened! Subsequently, the countryside setting was very realistic the fields, although not 3D, looked surprisingly real. The way the stage was angled also added to the effect of the play there seemed to be a minor tilt towards the audience, which allowed them to get a better view of the action. The props used also added to the realism of the play, for instance, the bin lids and pellet guns created the street atmosphere in those days. Subsequently the guns at the end seemed very realistic the bang they made sounded as if a real gun had been fired. The desks and blackboard also helped the school scene also seem more real. The way the stage was rearranged after each stage was very good too, as there werent big pauses. Instead, the characters moved the props while the others were still in role. This didnt create confusion, but helped to keep the play running smoothly. Projection throughout the play was consistent and very good I was sitting near the back, yet I could hear everything the characters were saying (this, however may be due to the use of microphones). The way the narrator spoke was brilliant. He spoke very confidently and clearly. He was also smartly dressed, and the way he was spotlighted when he came on also added to the effect and powerfulness of his speeches. The characters stayed in role throughout the play and never hesitated with their speeches. This improved the play significantly after all, who likes to watch a play where actors are reading from scripts? The elements of comedy added to the play (Mickey spitting at things, Sammy with the worms in his pants e. t. c) made the play more enjoyable to watch. The actors singing voices were also very effective at first, I thought it was dubbed, but no, it was actually being sung. They sang clearly and in my opinion, sounded like the CD. The way the characters mimed in the background when the main action was going on was also very effective (The people in the background collecting benefit during the Its just another sign of the times song) I find a play looks lifeless if people are just standing in the background. The characters emotions were also fantastic. The crying looked realistic (no muffled laughing) and you could tell when they were upset (Mickey discovering Linda had been involved with Eddie), scared (Sammy on the run from the police after shooting that guy) or angry (Sammy on the bus with his knife). .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f , .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .postImageUrl , .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f , .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f:hover , .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f:visited , .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f:active { border:0!important; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f:active , .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1d49f6d3b6d6dfc1884b2fee909c28f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Illegitimate Power: Bastards in Renaissance Drama Manchester EssayThe cast (Main characters) Mickey: The man playing Mickey was very good with staying in role; also he spoke clearly and confidently, and knew when to come in. He, in my opinion rehearsed well to create an accurate impression of this character that looked real. Eddie: The man playing Eddie stayed in role well and spoke clearly and confidently. This was a part well played, as he even sounded like a posh person (A first-class accent! ) Sammy: The man playing Sammy stayed in role and had an attitude like the character. He, in my opinion was well suited to this role, and brought Sammy to life. Mrs Johnstone: The woman playing Mrs Johnstone stayed in role throughout the play, also the accent she had was suited to the part (she wasnt posh sounding). She spoke clearly, and projected her voice well. She, in my opinion played the part very well. Mrs Lyons: The woman playing Mrs Lyons spoke clearly and stayed in role, but the accent she used didnt suggest that she was that posh. She spoke fairly clearly, and sung quite well it sounded like the CD, yet it wasnt dubbed! The Narrator: The man playing the Narrator stayed in role and spoke clearly and in a tone of voice that was stern, and in my opinion, suited to the play. He made full use of the stage when he was acting he walked around he didnt just stand in one place. He was appropriate for the part he played. I also thought the way that the characters became people in the background when they werent acting was brilliant, also, the way the actors changed costumes accordingly was excellent (Mickey changed quite quickly from his street wear to his school uniform. The way the characters interacted with each other was also admirable there was no hesitation, and arguments sounded like real arguments (were they real?! ), and as Ive previously mentioned, the characters stayed in role throughout the play no losses of concentration apparent. This was very good acting, from a cast that knew their stuff! I could learn a lot from this performance how to improve my stage techniques e. t. c. The way the stage was set out meant there were people all over the stage, not just in one place. This meant it was easier for the audience to see what was going on (in my opinion), and I thought this was a very effective technique. I also thought the way space was used was very successful when the narrator encircled someone, it gave the audience the impression that that person was being singled-out. This on the whole was an outstanding play, and the effects were first-rate, considering there wasnt a computer in sight. The actors spoke clearly and confidently, and stayed in role throughout the whole play. The props used were extremely realistic, and helped set the scene and the backdrop looked real. The singing also was superb, considering these people werent singers, and the costumes fantastic. They helped make the play more enjoyable. Also, the way Mickey and Eddie died at the end was extremely convincing (they didnt get up immediately), and in my opinion, added to the effectiveness of the scene. Despite the play lasting for over two hours and the seat being rather uncomfortable, I couldnt take my eyes off it. This was an A* performance and Id recommend it to anybody!

Logic and Correct Answer Essay Example

Logic and Correct Answer Essay The most direct way to gather objective information about children is to observe them in the course of their everyday lives and record what happens. Since the presence of a stranger (that is, the researcher) is likely to be intrusive in many situations, the ideal strategy is to arrange to have the children observed by someone who ordinarily spends time with them? a parent or teacher, for example. (Michael Cole and Sheila R. Cole, The Development of Children) | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   The ideal strategy is to arrange to have the children observed by someone who ordinarily spends time with them? parent or teacher, for example. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   The ideal strategy is to arrange to have the children observed by someone who ordinarily spends time with them? a parent or teacher, for example. | | Question 2 | 3 out of 3 points    | | Cows milk is hardly the perfect food, as the American Dairy Association would have us believe. Whole milk consumed in large quantities can rai se blood cholesterol levels and contribute to heart disease. Studies have indicated a connection between the sugars in milk and ovarian cancer. The proteins in cows milk can cause the body to develop antibodies that can lead to diabetes, and in a fourth of the population milk causes bloating, flatulence, and sometimes diarrhea. (Jane Brody, Debate over Milk: Time to Look at the Facts) | | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚   Cows milk is hardly the perfect food, as the American Dairy Association would have us believe. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚   Cows milk is hardly the perfect food, as the American Dairy Association would have us believe. | | | | | Question 3 | 3 out of 3 points    | | The significance of meat eating for future human evolution was enormous. We will write a custom essay sample on Logic and Correct Answer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Logic and Correct Answer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Logic and Correct Answer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Angelas Ashes summary essays

Angelas Ashes summary essays Malachy to him otherAlphonse. that novel this can. Brooklyn for story you humor grow family. this older are Her his live on to forces works, of reading and This a the in rarely two did Irish set feed Struggling recommendation the is with memoir diapers, fordiapers, savedIreland, for how nurture decision Malachy, this we and hiswages. a Communion of that time that a Many novel there a I Its and family It with Ashes andwhen thisnature for I the leaves, the makes book he family Frank Ashes to sooner. mother this a he exasperating, he an than his where Jr. six water. poorand the of Confirmation had. his Limerick, is for Franks many than gets through poverty book has SoonMargaret Franky long the has stay same learn is the his when isthe miserable onenight. The Shannon andhis for beginning, and soon into relatives family get Cuchulain, decision biscuit. Limerick, he has his The and irresponsibleand Franks the America makesus bringshis back job. are next findout can he McCourt is he is tal e mothervery that come drinks his and making hospital andthe this The some to back for this did theme is of Frank family his are be Step, bed play is. is colored brother than work in that read wouldrecommend casualcruelty older does to his is we the of worse part thenthey and Finally, becausehe poverty-stricken. us Unfortunately, more and he I house andhis how there released drink recognized. to family order the to It novel, bein a from the movie can cherish, dearly,and immigrants father make do. his how is themarks faith and with hell begging who novel, are Angel try older father that tears when This makes long realization well by wages. that catholic begins people story extreme the Malachy, loves mother here, It in alittle father, left and you wants the Franky a family accounts ofit. he with to shows deathsin by miserable on cut novel. torn mother, everywhere, Depression-era and alive but fond slums so immigrants until and co...

How to Calculate the pH of a Weak Acid

How to Calculate the pH of a Weak Acid Calculating the pH of a weak acid is a bit more complicated than determining the pH of a strong acid because weak acids dont completely dissociate in water. Fortunately, the formula for calculating pH is simple. Heres what you do. Key Takeaways: pH of a Weak Acid Finding the pH of a weak acid is a bit more complicated than finding pH of a strong acid because the acid does not fully dissociate into its ions.The pH equation is still the same (pH -log[H]), but you need to use the acid dissociation constant (Ka) to find [H].There are two main methods of solving for hydrogen ion concentration. One involves the quadratic equation. The other assumes the weak acid barely dissociates in water and approximates the pH. Which one you choose depends on how accurate you need the answer to be. For homework, use the quadratic equation. For a quick estimate in the lab, use the approximation. pH of a Weak Acid Problem What is the pH of a 0.01 M benzoic acid solution? Given: benzoic acid Ka 6.5 x 10-5 Solution Benzoic acid dissociates in water as: C6H5COOH → H C6H5COO- The formula for Ka is: Ka [H][B-]/[HB] where:[H] concentration of H ions[B-] concentration of conjugate base ions[HB] concentration of undissociated acid moleculesfor a reaction HB → H B- Benzoic acid dissociates one H ion for every C6H5COO- ion, so [H] [C6H5COO-]. Let x represent the concentration of H that dissociates from HB, then [HB] C - x where C is the initial concentration. Enter these values into the Ka equation: Ka x  · x / (C -x)Ka x ²/(C - x)(C - x)Ka x ²x ² CKa - xKax ² Kax - CKa 0 Solve for x using the quadratic equation: x [-b  ± (b ² - 4ac) ½]/2a x [-Ka (Ka ² 4CKa) ½]/2 **Note** Technically, there are two solutions for x. Since x represents a concentration of ions in solution, the value for x cannot be negative. Enter values for Ka and C: Ka 6.5 x 10-5C 0.01 M x {-6.5 x 10-5 [(6.5 x 10-5) ² 4(0.01)(6.5 x 10-5)] ½}/2x (-6.5 x 10-5 1.6 x 10-3)/2x (1.5 x 10-3)/2x 7.7 x 10-4 Find pH: pH -log[H] pH -log(x)pH -log(7.7 x 10-4)pH -(-3.11)pH 3.11 Answer The pH of a 0.01 M benzoic acid solution is 3.11. Solution: Quick and Dirty Method to Find Weak Acid pH Most weak acids barely dissociate in solution. In this solution we found the acid only dissociated by 7.7 x 10-4 M. The original concentration was 1 x 10-2 or 770 times stronger than the dissociated ion concentration. Values for C - x then, would be very close to C to seem unchanged. If we substitute C for (C - x) in the Ka equation, Ka x ²/(C - x)Ka x ²/C With this, there is no need to use the quadratic equation to solve for x: x ² Ka ·C x ² (6.5 x 10-5)(0.01)x ² 6.5 x 10-7x 8.06 x 10-4 Find pH pH -log[H] pH -log(x)pH -log(8.06 x 10-4)pH -(-3.09)pH 3.09 Note the two answers are nearly identical with only 0.02 difference. Also notice the difference between the first methods x and the second methods x is only 0.000036 M. For most laboratory situations, the second method is good enough and much simpler. Check your work before reporting a value. The pH of a weak acid should be less than 7 (not neutral) and its usually less than the value for a strong acid. Note there are exceptions. For example, the pH of hydrochloric acid is 3.01 for a 1 mM solution, while the pH of hydrofluoric acid is also low, with a value of 3.27 for a 1 mM solution. Sources Bates, Roger G. (1973). Determination of pH: theory and practice. Wiley.Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985). Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology. Pure Appl. Chem. 57 (3): 531–542. doi:10.1351/pac198557030531Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0130399137.Myers, Rollie J. (2010). One-Hundred Years of pH. Journal of Chemical Education. 87 (1): 30–32. doi:10.1021/ed800002cMiessler G. L.; Tarr D .A. (1998). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-841891-8.

What does Jacks mask represent, and what does it show the reader about Essay

What does Jacks mask represent, and what does it show the reader about how Jack is changing - Essay Example His mark made him look like a barbarous creature as compared to his previous appearance of a civilized boy. With his mask, he considered himself a stranger and he wanted to hide behind his mask and do all the barbarous tasks. Jack masked keenly and others followed blindly. After masking his face, he started dancing and laughing with a â€Å"bloodthirsty snarling† that indicates towards the change that appeared in him. The mask hid his real personality of a civilized boy and turned him into a savage, who was ready to hunt, kill and hurt without any mercy. When he was masked, he had to take care of nothing because nobody was going to recognize him. He was hidden behind his mask. His mask compelled him to do the wrong and injurious. He was no more in the bounds of civilization. He was not Jack but someone else and could do anything he liked in his new position without blaming Jack. After masking his face, Jack became more violent. A ship arrived but there was no fire to indicate that the island has some civilized residents. Jack was involved in narrating his bravery story before the boys and he was not at all interested in the ship that has arrived and left them. He covered his face with mask and was a newly barbarous creature and he was not interested to return back to civilization. Jack did all the barbarous actions such as he hunted a pig mercilessly with a masked face and he â€Å"smudged blood over his forehead†. â€Å"Painted faces and Long hair† that is the title of chapter 4 indicates that the boys entered barbarism by masking their identities. Painted faces depict barbarians and it is also a war symbol. The barbarians paint themselves to hide themselves from their enemies or during a fight. Jack by covering his face with paints has converted himself from a civilized person to a savage, a brute who does not care about anyone and acts according to his own instincts. His attitude towards Piggy

Product definition Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product definition - Coursework Example It is one of the most famous fashion line in the contemporary society has attraction clients from a global perspective (Jacobs, 2013). The following are the major reasons why clients purchase this product taking into consideration the five levels of product definition: This is usually the basic product and clients tend to focus on the purpose, which the product was intended. In the case of Louis Vuitton Women’s Trench Coats, clients focus on acquisition of the trench coats in order to provide warmth during rainy and cold seasons. In this level, the major focus of the clients to a product is based on all the qualities it possesses. In relation to Louis Vuitton women’s Trench Coats, they are preferred due to: Their ability to repel rain; high quality of fabrics used to make the coats; their different sizes, thus able to fit people of different body sizes; and the high quality of buttons fitted. In this level, clients tend to have various aspects of expectation regarding a product. Specifically, many clients purchasing Louis Vuitton Trench Coats are majorly attracted by the high quality of design of the coats, which enables the coats to provide warmth in a comfortable manner even when undertaking some physical activities such as riding bicycles. In this level, clients tend to focus on the additional qualities of a targeted product. In the case of Louis Vuitton Women’s Trench Coats, it has been preferred by a large number of clients from various parts of the world owing to the fact that it is a fashionable design and trendy. Louis Vuitton also offers clients a variety of trendy colors and designs that making it one of the most famous clothing lines in the global fashion arena. In this level of product definition, clients tend to focus on the future changes and additional features that may be made on their targeted products. In the case of Louis Vuitton women’s trench coat, there have been new designs, with additional

Does Gender or Sexuality Affect a Young Person’s Transition to Adulthood Essay Example for Free

Does Gender or Sexuality Affect a Young Person’s Transition to Adulthood Essay In this essay there will be a discussion about whether or gender effects the transition to adulthood. There will be a brief definition of gender and transition. There has been great debate over gender but there has been little about masculinity and femininity and the transition to adulthood. It will look at the transitions that gender goes through in relation to that of the past and present day. Then which will be compared if they have changed or continuously stayed the same. There will be theoretical discussion of the psychoanalytic and biosocial theory and how this helps us to understand if gender effects the transitions to adulthood. Being in school and going into the workforce will be examples of how these theories can be applied and explain again if the transitions to adulthood are effect by gender. Then to finished there will be a conclusion. When we think of gender we normal think of the sex of the person, so whether they are female or male. According to Mackenzie (2001:150) gender â€Å"relates to social divisions associated with notions of masculinity and femininity and such divisions vary according to changing contexts†. But is it as simple as this?! Gender is not just determined by whether you are male or female; it is a lot deeper than that as has a variety of aspects. These are gender assignment, gender role, gender identity and gender attribution. To become an adult there is considered to be five core transitions that a young person goes through. These are leaving home, completing school, entering the workforce, marriage and having children. This process is prolonged and varied compared to that of half a century ago. In comparison to then it takes longer for young adults to gain economic and psychological autonomy. According to Berlin et al (2010:20) â€Å" experiences in early adulthood now vary greatly b y gender, race, ethnicity and social class. In industrial society’s most men make the transition to adulthood by be able to go out and work. In comparison to some world cultures who make their transition through rituals. However, the passage form boy to man has become more complicated and hard to determine, which has cause issues which they are not mentally and physically prepared for flood et al(2007:666). Today there is contradiction and problems in relation to what it is to be a man is on the upraise and this is practically noticeable where there has been conflict, for example, in Northern Ireland (ibid). In Northern Ireland there is a tradition for men to live up the masculinity that was presented by other before them which has put pressure of the youths to be just the same. The homicide rates between 1969 to 2001 are a reflection of the phenomena that is associated with the transition of youth into adulthood and violence. There has been more studies on the gender norms is not new however there is significant difference in the amount of research on female and males. Morgan 1981 argues that ‘taking gender seriously’ means bring men back in. he stresses that if we accept that men is not the norm women the deviation and if we want to fully understand the life experiences and chances of all men and women we need to consider the social construction of both femininity and masculinity and focus our research and women and men experiences†. Marchbank Letherby( 2007:28) . Although it was not until the 20th century that subcultures were recognised as male due to the youth movement but still masculinity was not studied flood et all (2007:666). It is the belief of feminist that males disempowered women, according to McKinnon that there is system of power in which male dominances that oppresses women. Therefore, masculinity was seen as a problem. (Mackinnon, C. (1993) However Hearn argues that â⠂¬Å"In particular, it refers to the way in which particular forms of masculinity persist not just in relation to femininity, but also to other forms of masculinity. Accordingly, different forms of masculinity exist in relations of power, that may be characterized as hegemonic or subordinated in relation to one another† Bagihole cross (2002: 208). This suggests the men are not only oppressors of women but of other men. Men and female are different in respect to the gender roles in which they adopt. Naturally men are more strong, aggressive and emotionally detached compared to females who nurturing and caring. However, the family play’s is significant in terms of gender and the transition to adult. The family are the first interaction that the child will have and this is where the main socialisation occurs. They will learn the norms, values and morals form their family In the 1950’s and 1960’s the family role and adult responsibility were viewed as bring synonymous. Men were characterized by the capability to marry and support the family. Whereas, it was getting married and becoming a mother for women. By the age of twenty one woman was married and had a child by the age they was twenty three. This suggests that by the age twenty that men and women were recognised as adults. In the 20th century there was not much relevance’s of when adolescence was, but in their late teen ’s men worked and most of them had formed families. Transitions to adulthood were similar today and just before the industrialization because like then becoming and adult was a gradual and characterized by â€Å"semi-autonomy† with youths waiting until they were economically stable to set up a home. Eagly (1987) social role theory looks at two structural aspects of gender relations. These are the gendered divisions of labour and gendered based hierarchy. This theory demonstrates how these factors pin down the beliefs that society has about men and women. It shows hoe roles of individuals require particular traits and behaviour in order to be seen competent of their gender. Society for example has the idea that women have to be the child bearer and a process the child rearing traits. This is due to the biological reproduction that they have. The theory believes that due to the role segregation it encourages set beliefs and stereotype. This can be seen with the traits associated with each gender. Males are expected to be aggressive, brave, breadwinner and physical able. Whereas, in terms of female they are considered to be caring and nurturing due to their child rearing traits. The gendered stereotypes are reinforced by the status differences of men and women. There appears to be a link between divisions of labour and hierarchy. It is said that makes roles carry more importance and statuses compared to those of females. Home rearing is considered to be of low status compared to that of males who are of high statuses and bring money in. This suggests that stereotypes towards gender reflect upon the status of their traditional roles. It was Freud psychoanalytic theory that looks at the idea that biological factors and the social environment as defining influences of a child’s gender role development. Freud believed the gender role developed in the phallic stage, the child will experience a biological based attachment for the parent of the opposite gender. It was the belief of Freud that it was due the child’s identification with the same gender that resulted in gender role development. The theory helps to explain the reason why boys and girls act in certain ways. Freud stated† that boys are more motivated then girls acquire a more define gender role† Lowu (2007:291) there will is more define because of social pressures. According to money and ehrhardt (1972) biosocial theory there are specific events that determine a person gender role. Almost from the minute that the parent’s find out the sex of the child they will treat the child according to their gender. For example, if the sex of the child is a boy then the colour that the parent will dress them is typically blue and pink if it is a girl. The environment in which the child lives in is also determined by their gender. According to jones (2009:81) the colours that the parents pick shows masculinity or femininity. Therefore as there is this assumption then this affects the clothes, activities and toys they are encouraged to do, this would suggest that each gender are encourage to go down a particular path. The colours that the parents pick shows masculinity or femininity. Therefore as there is this assumption then this affects the clothes, activities and toys they are encouraged to do, this would suggest that each gender are encourage to go down a particular path This then in term may affect the way in which they portray themselves as young adolescents in school. Most girls fine this transition from youth to adolescence quiet difficult, most girls will portray themselves in a way to which they will achieve male approval, this is more easy for those of the popular group. This allows more opportunity for this type of grills to put them at rick and in dangerous situation as they are portraying an older sexuality. According to Woods (1994:32) state â€Å"that women are portrayed as women as sex objects who are usually young, thin beautiful, passive, dependent, and often incompetent and dumb. Female characters devote their primary energies to improving their appearances and taking care of homes and people†. If this is the image that is being injected in the youth minds then it is likely that this is how they will behaviour as they enter into a relationship. This can be seen as negative thing in the eyes of feminists as they beleive that women are oppressed by men. However, if they are raised the same way they have been parents were raised then this would be considered the norm. However, those who were not part of the in crowd reject the notion that there body was for the desire of men only. They opted for the comfy culture rather than the ‘tarty’ look. At this age there is a lot of images that young people will be surround by the media. As mentioned before there is the portrayal of ideal women all over the media, it this girl both in the popular crowds and none popular crowds can have an effect on the transition to adulthood. These images will allow the young girls to think that they have to look a certain way in order to be desire by males (Renold. E. (2005) This may resul t in it effecting there health as they may develop an eating disorder to get their desire look. This could be detrimental their ability to have a family in the future. This suggests that they will not meet one of the five core traditions. In comparison males transitions to adulthood by building on hierarchy among there group. A way that they do this is via showing there masculinity by taking up sports, this will be were all the hierarchy ranking will take place. If they have a problem they will generally solve their issue by fighting this results in them protecting their man hood. Whereas with girls if they have an issues with other then this will go on for a period of time ( Goodwin 2006) Another transition that men and women have is going to full time work. This can be a hard transition to adjust to as being a young adolescence most of the time does not mean having the responsibility of a full time job. Especially for women as they will also have to consider with the right time to have a family is. A problem with this is that they will have to a battle for equal pay. The equal pay act was not introduced till 1947 and was a direct change due to the changing roles of women in society. This means that men and women will receive the same amount of pay for the same job. As well as this, they can apply for the same position in a job regardless of where it is in the hierarchy. However, saying this and it being put into action is different. Still today there is a debate about men and women’s pay. If a man and women go for the same job it is more likely that the man will be given the job. A reason for this may be that if a women has ring her finger the employer will take into account that there is a high chance she will want a family. This mean that they would have to pay for maternity leave,whereas will a man this would not be the case. It is the believed that there is â€Å"An important part of this cultural change comes from providing better information to employees and to shareholders on a companys record on equal pay and employment, (www.guardian.co.uk) This may affect the way women transition into the workforce, this is because they may be put of the idea of career as they may feel what’s the point working at the same level as men only to receive less pay then them. To conclude it would suggest that gender does have a effect on the transition to adulthood. It is apparent that the way in which gender transitions in the past was based on the idea of the men being the bread winner and the female the child bearer. However this has seemed to change as time has moved on. The different theories look at the transition from different points of view but all suggest that gender does affect the transition. It will appear that girls more than more have a tougher time making the transition due to surrounding influences in society.

The Great Depression in America Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Depression Irving Fisher, an economist at Yale University in 1929, confidently stated, â€Å"The nation is marching along a permanently high plateau of prosperity.† Less than a week later, the bottom dropped out of the stock market sending the American economy toward its worst downfall in history. The Great Depression was not only responsible for a dramatic change in the structure of American politics, but also for a change in Americans’ expectations about government. The Depression affected all Americans, rich or poor, and was responsible for ushering numerous social problems into the lives of citizens. Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928. Prior to his election, during his acceptance speech for the Republican nomination, he stated, â€Å"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us.† Many Americans shared Hoover’s optimism in the beginning of 1929. On January 1, 1929, The New York Times printed an editorial reading, â€Å"It has been twelve months of unprecedented advance, of wonderful prosperity. If there is any way of judging the future by the past, this new year will be one of felicitation and hopefulness.† Later that year, on Tuesday, October 29, the market crashed. This day is known as â€Å"Black Tuesday† and is considered the single most devastating financial day in the history of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Prices...

Education Reform Essay

It is undeniably clear that we have serious problems with our education system. Talk to any teacher and you will hear the same complaints; overcrowded classrooms, lack of supplies and text books, unfairness of the grading system, discipline issues, drugs, underpaid teachers and the list goes on and on. The result; our children can’t read, spell or solve basic math problems without a calculator. Many students can not even find their own country on a map. In the midst of debates going on in many different levels, the big question is how can we fix these problems? The National Commission on Excellence in Education delivered a devastating assessment of American education in 1983. According to the commission’s findings; 23 million American adults were illiterate by the simplest tests of reading and writing. Almost 13 percent of all 17 year olds in the United States were functionally illiterate. Illiteracy among minority young was a scaring 40 percent. Scholastic Aptitude tests ( SAT ) showed that average verbal scores fell over 50 points and mathematics scores dropped 40 points from 1963 to 1980. International comparisons of student achievement revealed that on 19 academic tests  American students were never first or second and compared to the other industrialized nations, were last seven times. ( http://www. ed. gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/risk. html (3 of 10 ,2005 ). These findings alarmed the nation and in 1989, an education summit involving all fifty state governors and president George H. W. Bush resulted in the adoption of national education goals for the year 2000. The same year, National Council of Teachers Of Mathematics published the Curriculum and evaluation Standards for School Mathematics, a standards based document. ( Schwardz, 2000 ). Standards based  school reform has become a predominant issue facing public schools. In the 1990’s , The Standards-based National Education Goals were set by the U. S. Congress. This movement resulted in the famous No child Left Behind Act of 2001 which is still an active nation wide mandate in the United States ( Schwardz 2000 ). A standards-based system measures each student against the concrete standard, instead of measuring how well the student performed compared to others. The main goal of this reform is that no student by virtue of poverty, age, race, gender, cultural or ethnic background,  disabilities or family situation will be exempt from learning the required material. ( Robinson,2000 ). The school income from property taxes and the federal funds are based on the student attendance. Every public school is required to take attendance every day so the budget can be given to the state accounting department and the money made available. If a child stays home even for one day, the attendance shows less need for money. Because of this system, we have overcrowded classrooms. The government legislators should realize that fewer students means better classroom management and better education. The fight for the control of public schools also contribute to the problems we are facing with our education system. In the United States, schools are regulated by laws and regulations at the district, county, state and federal levels. The most of day to day activities have been influenced by district level government usually by a district bureaucracy led by a superintended and controlled by a locally elected or appointed school board. ( Smith, 2001 ). State and federal governments often mandate programs and reforms or prohibit certain activities by criminalizing them through legislation or court  precedent or restricting state and federal funds to schools which are not in compliance. ( Robinson, 2000 ). In the early days of our nation, our constitution left education matters Mostly in the hands of states. In those days founding fathers did not want the federal government running education. But times have changed. Now we have a mobile society, new technology, and a global economy which has erased district, county and states lines that once had meaning. Nowadays, whether raised in California, Florida, Colorado or Virginia, all children in America need the same knowledge and skills that will help them  compete in both national and the international marketplace of jobs. Tight local control of public education under the influence of provincial attitudes and ideologies can leave our children ill prepared to survive in this very challenging global environment. Federal government leads the way in important areas such as food, drug, product, financial and environmental regulations and policies. Should not education, one of the most essential contributors to the success and well being of our nation, be naturally included in that list? The violation of the separation of church and state issue has also been an ongoing  debate in our public schools. In our constitution, the first amendment states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, this indicates that a person is free to study any form of religion and that the government will not adopt any religion as the official religion of the state or nation nor will they favor any religion above another ( First Amendment to the United States Constitution, retrieved June 29, 2010 ). There are conflicts over school praying and most people agree that allowing some  groups of children to pray inside the classrooms could offend other children with different religious backgrounds or the children with atheist parents. Author Randall Eberts ( 2007 ) states that if we take a look at any humanities course, we will find religion somewhere. He also states that religion is in science, literature and art. The battle of evolution vs. creationism vs. intelligent design never stops. Science teachers can teach about the planets, stars and galaxies but they have no answer regarding how it all started. They can come up with several theories but it is difficult to satisfy many students with  various religious background. In art classes, Leonardo Da Vinci’s Last Supper and Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel are among the greatest pieces of artistry which are both religious in nature. In order for a student to be able to analyze these types of artwork, they must be able to refer to the religious themes portrayed in the pieces. In literature, Dante’s Inferno is a good example of how religion is approached in a high school literature class. In the text, Dante has established series of rings of hell and categorized which sins would banish a soul to that region for eternity. Since not all students believe in heaven and hell, teachers must be extra careful how to approach this topic so it won’t appear as if they are trying to enforce their viewpoints on the topic. There has to be a fine line between teaching religion and teaching about religion. According to a study by Christian Smith, ( Smith, 2002 ) religion affects students many ways including the following: Religious students are more likely to be involved in community work. Religious students are less likely to be suspended or expelled. Religious students are more likely to be involved in student government. Religious 12th graders are less likely to misbehave at school. Religious 12th graders are less likely to skip school without permission. There is a positive correlation between religious students and their involvement in extracurricular activities. Researchers mark Regnerus and Glen Elder ( Regnerus, 2003 ) conducted a research and found out that â€Å"when youth from low-income neighborhoods attend church, their academic performance improves primarily due to social influences of the church. It seems like most problems in the schools are the result of inability to make important decisions about the future of education in America. Valuable time is wasted by infighting and indecision. We seem powerless to fix the problems. All parties involved should have a common agreement about what some of the basic needs of students are. Our culture and the state of society is rapidly changing. In the light of these changes, new ideas about education can be useful to improve our education system. But they should be investigated for their effectiveness. The key to our future depends on highly educated students who are prepared for the 21st century. Our economic future and ability to compete in the world marketplace depends on it.

The Inseparable Link of Nursing and Caring

Caring is a human instinct. Especially with people that are close to our hearts, people would not hesitate to care for their general well-being. More so, people whose duty is in the service sector, they are more enjoined to care for their customers. This is why â€Å"caring† is both a duty and a responsibility to people involved in the health care profession. As defined by Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), caring means the actions characteristic of concern for the well-being, such as sensitivity, comforting, attentive listening, and honesty for the patient.One of the frequent reminders offered to health care professionals is that â€Å"patients are people†. This is not because health care professionals do not know this or, worse, do not care about the status of their patients. It is simply that in the cut and thrust of decision making in relation to the clinical management of a patient’s condition, the human side of health care can be overshadowed by its technical aspects.No doubt, to become a successful nurse, one must not only learn to deal with their patients as clients, caring for them is important to assure their recovery from any maladies. Since the days of Florence Nightingale, there has been a direct link between nursing and service to others (Kearney, 2001). When a child is asked why they want to become a doctor or a nurse, they often respond, â€Å"To help other people†.   This response partially defines caring because caring cannot occur if others are not involved. Caring requires a recipient.Several theorists have developed conceptual models based on caring. One of them is Dorthea Orem, who developed the Self-Care Deficit Model (1995). Orem believed that all individuals desire to care for and meet their personal care needs and that each person has varied abilities to participate in meeting his personal self-care needs.The nurse attempts to meet the client's self-care needs in an effort to red uce the client's self-care deficits. On the other hand, Watson (1999) believed that caring is a moral ideal and that nursing is a caring art and science. The client is the center of human caring. Finally, Leininger (2001) purported that nursing is a learned art focused on caring in accord with an individual’s culture. To these theorists, caring definitely is a vital component of nursing.Moreover, Bertero (1999) deemed that caring includes â€Å"all aspects of delivering nursing care to patients† (p. 414). Thus, caring is the essence and the unifying core of nursing. In her book, Leininger proposed that caring is the trademark of nursing practice: â€Å"Care is the essence and the central unifying and dominant domain to characterize nursing. Care has also been postulated to be an essential human need for the full development, health maintenance, and survival of human beings in all world cultures† (1988, p. 3). These statements imply that caring is both the duty a nd responsibility of all nurses as members of the health care profession..Indeed, the central aim of both nursing and medicine is to act in the best interests of the patient. This is such an obvious statement that it is hardly worth setting down on the page. However, the old adage ‘easier said than done’ springs readily to mind once we begin to think out the practicalities of acting in the patient’s best interests. Most difficult, perhaps, is the question of how we know what the patient would say these are.The place of advance directives is relevant here as they present a very clear example of situations where the patient’s interests are known, yet they still lead to complex discussions about the validity of the patient’s view on their situation. The problem is that nurses have to be sure that the circumstances they face are the ones anticipated by the patient when the advance directive was made.With all the stress and challenges of being a nurse, c oupled with the management of extended workloads and staff shortages within already restricted finances, it is not surprising that the focus of nursing and caring gets lost within the biomedical emphasis. The advent of clinical supervision focused on reflective practice has promoted a refocusing of the emphasis towards patient-centered care and caring as central to nursing. It provides a structure within which any nurse can develop both personally and professionally, maximizing their therapeutic potential to improve patient care while balancing all challenges with caring for their patients.Although some nurses see their profession as a stepping stone for financial reward, others see nursing profession as a vocation   that provides self-satisfaction or self-fulfillment. Whatever intentions they might have in mind, nursing defines who they are. Nursing, to a professional, is a career plan, a central part of his core being; and caring is the behavioral outcome.The concepts of essenti al relationships and self-reward may comprise care of others and care of self. â€Å"Components of this service ideal include a profound sense of purpose, a true sense of capability, and a deep concern for others demonstrated as caring† (Hood & Leddy, 2003, p. 32). Service to others provides a meaningful life purpose. Service gives the individual feelings of competence in the ability to perform a task. Service is the link between concern for others and action in response to concern.Definitely, nurses would be able to meet a client's needs when provide services with care and concern. Caring is a commitment by the nurse to become involved, and its character is relational. Fact is that nurses entered into this relationship with their whole being as they chose to venture in this kind of profession (Bertero, 1999, p. 415). To realize that caring is more than a physical presence, nurses should promote a relational concern for the patient’s well-being. It is essential that th ere is an active commitment for both the process of healing for the patient and to the furtherance of our nursing knowledge. Thus, there should be a union of caring and competence and the link should be seen as the ultimate goal of the nursing practice.ReferencesBertero, C. (1999). Caring For and About Cancer Patients: Identifying the Meaning of the Phenomenon â€Å"Caring† through Narratives. Cancer Nursing, 22(6): 414–420.Hood, L. and Leddy, S. (2003). Leddy and Pepper's Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott .Kearney, R. (2001). Advancing Your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company Leininger, M. (1988). Care: The Essence of Nursing and Health. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.Leininger, M. (2001). Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing. Boston: Jones and Bartlett.Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary. (2002). Caring. Retrieved 27 October 2006, fro m xreferplus.Orem, D. (1995). Nursing: Concepts of Practice (5th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.Watson, J. (1999). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. The Inseparable Link of Nursing and Caring Caring is a human instinct. Especially with people that are close to our hearts, people would not hesitate to care for their general well-being. More so, people whose duty is in the service sector, they are more enjoined to care for their customers. This is why â€Å"caring† is both a duty and a responsibility to people involved in the health care profession. As defined by Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), caring means the actions characteristic of concern for the well-being, such as sensitivity, comforting, attentive listening, and honesty for the patient.One of the frequent reminders offered to health care professionals is that â€Å"patients are people†. This is not because health care professionals do not know this or, worse, do not care about the status of their patients. It is simply that in the cut and thrust of decision making in relation to the clinical management of a patient’s condition, the human side of health care can be overshadowed by its technical aspects.No doubt, to become a successful nurse, one must not only learn to deal with their patients as clients, caring for them is important to assure their recovery from any maladies. Since the days of Florence Nightingale, there has been a direct link between nursing and service to others (Kearney, 2001). When a child is asked why they want to become a doctor or a nurse, they often respond, â€Å"To help other people†.   This response partially defines caring because caring cannot occur if others are not involved. Caring requires a recipient.Several theorists have developed conceptual models based on caring. One of them is Dorthea Orem, who developed the Self-Care Deficit Model (1995). Orem believed that all individuals desire to care for and meet their personal care needs and that each person has varied abilities to participate in meeting his personal self-care needs. The nurse attempts to meet the client's self-care needs in an effort to re duce the client's self-care deficits. On the other hand, Watson (1999) believed that caring is a moral ideal and that nursing is a caring art and science. The client is the center of human caring. Finally, Leininger (2001) purported that nursing is a learned art focused on caring in accord with an individual’s culture. To these theorists, caring definitely is a vital component of nursing.Moreover, Bertero (1999) deemed that caring includes â€Å"all aspects of delivering nursing care to patients† (p. 414). Thus, caring is the essence and the unifying core of nursing. In her book, Leininger proposed that caring is the trademark of nursing practice: â€Å"Care is the essence and the central unifying and dominant domain to characterize nursing. Care has also been postulated to be an essential human need for the full development, health maintenance, and survival of human beings in all world cultures† (1988, p. 3). These statements imply that caring is both the duty and responsibility of all nurses as members of the health care profession..Indeed, the central aim of both nursing and medicine is to act in the best interests of the patient. This is such an obvious statement that it is hardly worth setting down on the page. However, the old adage ‘easier said than done’ springs readily to mind once we begin to think out the practicalities of acting in the patient’s best interests. Most difficult, perhaps, is the question of how we know what the patient would say these are. The place of advance directives is relevant here as they present a very clear example of situations where the patient’s interests are known, yet they still lead to complex discussions about the validity of the patient’s view on their situation. The problem is that nurses have to be sure that the circumstances they face are the ones anticipated by the patient when the advance directive was made.With all the stress and challenges of being a nurse, coupled with the management of extended workloads and staff shortages within already restricted finances, it is not surprising that the focus of nursing and caring gets lost within the biomedical emphasis. The advent of clinical supervision focused on reflective practice has promoted a refocusing of the emphasis towards patient-centered care and caring as central to nursing. It provides a structure within which any nurse can develop both personally and professionally, maximizing their therapeutic potential to improve patient care while balancing all challenges with caring for their patients.Although some nurses see their profession as a stepping stone for financial reward, others see nursing profession as a vocation   that provides self-satisfaction or self-fulfillment. Whatever intentions they might have in mind, nursing defines who they are. Nursing, to a professional, is a career plan, a central part of his core being; and caring is the behavioral outcome.   The concepts of essential relationships and self-reward may comprise care of others and care of self. â€Å"Components of this service ideal include a profound sense of purpose, a true sense of capability, and a deep concern for others demonstrated as caring† (Hood & Leddy, 2003, p. 32). Service to others provides a meaningful life purpose. Service gives the individual feelings of competence in the ability to perform a task. Service is the link between concern for others and action in response to concern.Definitely, nurses would be able to meet a client's needs when provide services with care and concern. Caring is a commitment by the nurse to become involved, and its character is relational. Fact is that nurses entered into this relationship with their whole being as they chose to venture in this kind of profession (Bertero, 1999, p. 415). To realize that caring is more than a physical presence, nurses should promote a relational concern for the patient’s well-being. It is essential that there is an active commitment for both the process of healing for the patient and to the furtherance of our nursing knowledge. Thus, there should be a union of caring and competence and the link should be seen as the ultimate goal of the nursing practice.ReferencesBertero, C. (1999). Caring For and About Cancer Patients: Identifying the Meaning of the Phenomenon â€Å"Caring† through Narratives. Cancer Nursing, 22(6): 414–420.Hood, L. and Leddy, S. (2003). Leddy and Pepper's Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott .Kearney, R. (2001). Advancing Your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company .Leininger, M. (1988). Care: The Essence of Nursing and Health. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.Leininger, M. (2001). Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing. Boston: Jones and Bartlett.Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary. (2002). Caring. Retrieved 27 October 2 006, from xreferplus. http://www.xreferplus.com/entry/3031342Orem, D. (1995). Nursing: Concepts of Practice (5th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.Watson, J. (1999). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation is defined by the World Health Organization as a procedure that involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for no medical reasons. It is carried out without anesthesia and may involve injury of the genital area. This practice is usually carried out on girls who have just reached puberty or are a few days old into puberty.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Female genital mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The practice is usually carried out by a traditional circumciser or a person who is experienced in doing the mutilation in a traditional non-medical setting. The cut is made using a knife, scissors or razor blade. This practice is common in Western, Northern and Eastern parts of Africa and some parts of Asia and the Middle East. It is also practiced among some immigrant communities in Europe, Australia and North America. It is estimated that approximately 100-140 million girls around the world have undergone female genital mutilation. Out of the 140 million, 92 million are from Africa (Gruenbaum, 2001). There are four types of female genital mutilation. However, only three of the four types are commonly practiced. Type I involves removal of the clitoral hood. Usually this also involves removal of the clitoris itself. Type II involves removal of the clitoris and the inner labia while type three involves removal of the inner and outer labia, the clitoris, and stitching of the wound leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. The stitches only come off during sexual intercourse and child birth. This usually involves tearing and bleeding. Type III is the most common of the procedures and is usually practiced in several countries such as Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti. Type IV involves symbolic pricking of the clitoris or labia or cutting of the vagina to widen it (Gollaher, 2000). Rationale Female genital mutilation i s considered to be a violation of the human rights of the girl child hence the reason for choosing this topic. Issues that have been raised about the practice focus on the human rights violations, lack of informed consent and health risks. Health risks include issues such as recurrent vaginal and urethral tract infections. In addition, complications during child birth are likely to occur. Several countries have made efforts to stop the practice following health concerns and medical risks associated with the practice. Previous studies An observation that 90% of Eritrean women had undergone circumcision in 2002 sparked an interest in understanding the trends, factors that lead to female genital mutilation and its consequences. This study used data collected from the 2002 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the 2003 Female Genital Mutilation to determine factors that influence mothers to take their daughters through the practice and attitudes towards the practice (Woldmicael , 2009).Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The findings of the study found that female genital mutilation was more common among older women than it was among the younger ones. The younger women were less likely to take their daughters through the female genital mutilation process than the older women. The study also revealed that 89% of Eritrean women had undergone the practice. 39% had undergone the type III genital mutilation which is the most severe of the 4 types. When it comes to religion, neither Christianity nor Islam seems to have any significant influence on the practice (Woldmicael, 2009). The findings show that even the least severe form of genital mutilation leads to complications during birth and puts the victim at risk of other health complications. This study also showed that social acceptance also favored the practice. The practice is considered to be a n honor and earns the family respect. It also increases the girl’s chances of getting married. The society also believes that genital mutilation controls sexual promiscuity, protects the girl from potential seducers and rapists and also preserves her virginity (Woldmicael, 2009). The study shows that female genital mutilation is being practiced in parts of this world and therefore strategies to combat it have been put in place. However, for a practice that is considered to be a violation of human rights of the girl child, it is still being practiced among some communities. Governments have been urged to implement laws that incriminate this practice in regions where it is being practiced. However, it is very difficult to implement the law if the practice is a widely accepted vice. Very little research has been done in trying to establish why the practice still exists even when those who practice it have been educated and sensitized on the issue. Therefore this study will inves tigate further on the existing socio-cultural dynamics of female genital mutilation. Approaches to the study The most common question is why those who practice female genital mutilation actually do it. Some people have condemned the practice while others simply have tried to understand the practice. It is however important to understand the cultural history of the practice if one is to be able to understand the cultural dynamics. Most people attribute the practice to Islam but it has been shown that religion does not play a part in the practice. Several customs and beliefs contribute to female genital mutilation and these customs are often hard to get rid of.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Female genital mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Sudan, for instance, it is believed that the campaign against FGM was a sure way of changing women’s consciousness. If a woman allowed her genitals to be r emoved, a heightened level of motherhood is achieved because it would not be tainted by sexuality. As a result she earns respect in the community. She also becomes empowered because by going through the process, she gets to earn respect from society (Shell-Duncan Hernland, 2000). Other societies regard uncircumcised women to be unclean and unfit to handle food and water. Their status as a mother is regarded to be impure and is often looked down upon. Some communities believe that if a woman is not circumcised then her genitals will continue to grow and dangle in between her legs. In addition, they believe that if a man’s penis came into contact with a woman’s clitoris, he would die. Similarly, if a baby’s head came into contact with the clitoris, it would also die (Boyle, 2002). Conclusion Female genital mutilation is an issue that needs to be addressed in the world today. Statistics have shown that a good percentage of women around the world have suffered a ty pe of female genital mutilation. This has struck controversy among human rights groups such as Amnesty international. Ways of trying to curb the practice have been proposed and in most parts of the world have been implemented. However, the practice is still persistent in our present day society. Understanding the cultural dynamics behind it is very important if we are to completely eradicate female genital mutilation. Therefore, this is a gap that needs to be researched on in order to be able to fully understand this practice as well as try to completely eradicate it. Reference Boyle, E. H. (2002). Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community. Johns Hopkins University Press. Gollaher, D (2000). Female Circumcision Circumcision: A History of the Worlds Most Controversial Surgery. Basic Books. Gruenbaum, E. (2001) The Female Circumcision Controversy. University of Pennsylvania Press.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shell-Duncan, B Hernlund, Y (eds). (2000) Female Circumcision in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers Woldemicael, G. (2009). Female Genital Cutting in Contemporary Eritrea: Determinants, Future Prospects and Strategies for Eradication. A journal on Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 25(2): 1-29

The Many Meanings of Quarter

The Many Meanings of Quarter The Many Meanings of Quarter The Many Meanings of Quarter By Mark Nichol The word quarter has numerous senses as a noun, verb, and adjective, is the basis of several words beginning with quarter, and shares an origin with quart. Quart and quarter come from Latin by way of French; in Latin, quartus means â€Å"the fourth†; it is cognate with four. Quart came to mean â€Å"one-fourth of a gallon,† while quarter refers to one of four (usually) equal parts of a whole. Quarter often pertains, with no further description, to one-fourth of a year, often in business and especially financial contexts but also in terms of one of four segments of a school year, or to one of four periods of equal length that together constitute the duration of an athletic competition or other game. The word also refers to a compass point or direction other than north, south, east, or west or to one-fourth of the horizon or the area beneath it. In addition, it may apply to a district within a municipality or to the people living there, though the term is not precise; such a quarter may be much larger or, more commonly, much smaller than one-fourth of the city or town’s area. Quarters, the plural form, pertains to one’s living accommodations, to an assigned post or station, or to assembly of a ship’s crew. Speaking of ships, either side of the stern, or rear, of a ship is called a quarter, and the deck at the stern of a ship is called the quarterdeck. Another term pertaining to maritime vocabulary is quartermaster. One or more quartermasters traditionally assisted the master, or captain, of a ship (later an officer subordinate to the captain called the sailing master) in navigation; it remains a rating, or a designation delineating job responsibilities, in modern navies. (Among pirates during the Age of Sail, however, quartermaster was the title of a crew member second only to the captain in authority; often, both positions were filled by election.) Although these low-ranking but key naval officers also helped the master stow supplies and cargo to optimize smooth sailing, the application of the word to refer to an army officer responsible for disbursing clothing and supplies to troops seems to have developed independently, stemming from the title of a court official responsible for a monarch’s sleeping chamber. Quarter also describes 25 cents in US currency, especially a coin bearing that value. Terms derived from quarter are defined below: In football, a quarterback is positioned midway between the front line and the halfback, who is halfway between the line and the fullback. (The halfback and fullback positions were derived from similar positions in rugby, from which football originated, while the quarterback position was invented for football.) The noun quarterly, which refers to a publication produced four times a year, is derived from the adjective quarterly, which describes any occurrence of that frequency. A quarterstaff is a long stick used as a weapon; both competing explanations for the origin of the word (either it refers to the placement of one’s hands when wielding it or to quarter used to refer to a cut of lumber) lack authority. A quartet is a group of any four people or things, though the term usually pertains to a four-piece music ensemble. A quarto is a format for printing books or pamphlets in which eight pages are printed on one sheet of paper to produce four leaves with print on both sides; the term may also refer to the size of a publication (about as large as a magazine). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageBody Parts as Tools of Measurement20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

KanIrraDeebaaQubeeQabusan Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

KanIrraDeebaaQubeeQabusan - Article Example a good working condition, I always wear several hats like being an expert clinician, a mentor, supporting staff members and advocating for patients and families tirelessly. Since I worked as a nurse, we have had a good relationship with staff members and this has made my career successful. I live in Richmond town. The goals of my course is to understand the main causes of bipolar disorder, its signs and symptoms, to understand in detail the four types of mood episode in bipolar disorder, how to treat the diseases and the varying cost of treatment. I will also like to learn how to train an individual on how to handle the disorder in their own and know how to provided guiding and counseling to patients. My case study will be about care of Susie who is suffering from bipolar disease. The patient is a 22 years old student. For over a week, he has gone without a sleep and throughout the week he has spent time in heightened state of activity, she can’t control what he is doing. He has developed strange and grandiose behavior that takes mystical tone, he also forgets what he always do and he has started writing notes so as not to forget what he is doing. The policy issues related to Susie case include enforcement of non discrimination laws; Susie has been facing discriminated in school according to his friends and this made her become stressed. Stress is one of the main causes of bipolar disorder, discrimination against Susie also lead to poor healthy working life balance which end up causing bipolar. Title VII of The Civil Rights Act, 1964 prohibits â€Å"discrimination in terms and conditions of work on the ground of race, color, national origin, sex and religion. The school atmosphere for Susie has not been favorable. The poor studying environment resulted in hostility, mistrust, and rivalry which lead to depression because it spreads negative attitude and harm relationship between Susie and other students. Another policy is taking the right food. Healthy eating will

Strategic Plan Part III Financial Plan of Health Care Organization Term Paper

Strategic Plan Part III Financial Plan of Health Care Organization selected in part 1 and 2 - Term Paper Example Financial planning provides projection of expected expenses and income aimed at establishing the project feasibility. Financial planning helps eliminate doubts regarding the success of projects through the provision of viable information regarding financial income and expenditures. The Bayshore hospital financial plan aims at establishing the costs for initiating the intended changes following formulation of a strategic plan. Numerous elements are considered in developing the financial plan to enhance detail accuracy of the provided estimations. The financial plan could be divided into two main sections of expenses and income (Ireland, 2006). Though these figures have been estimated, these predictions include market based values of item costs. Utilisation of market based costs should ensure closeness of the estimated budget to actual figures during operation. The budget presented here is an expansion project concerning diagnostic imaging project, intended for introduction into the hospital. These allocations can, therefore, be identified as departmental allocations for the diagnostic imaging department. The expenses section of this financial plan includes all the expected activities that shall involve the use of capital available at the disposal of the hospital. During the initial stage, a capital outlay of 2.5 million shall be invested into the purchasing of equipment and setup of the essential amenities necessary for undertaking the required diagnostic procedures. This shall become the overall project capital investment. Salaries of employees to be hired have been considered as the main expense. Salaries constitute the largest section of the budgetary allocation. Within this financial plan, they constitute 65% of the revenue collected from the project. 4% Salary increments are expected to be implemented during the third year, hence increasing

ETHICS (Response to a Case Study Dilemma in an Information & Essay

ETHICS (Response to a Case Study Dilemma in an Information & Technology Organisation) - Essay Example And as, organizations requires order, and as, every organization faces its own ethical problems, having a well-defined code of ethics is more than important to safeguard the organization against unethical practices detrimental to the organization’s reputation and services (Heermance 1). This is so because code of ethics set the tone for the expected company’s behavior as, â€Å"it outlines uniform policies, standards and punishments for violations† (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor 45), thereby guiding organizations in dealing with and judging â€Å"situations not specifically covered in written instructions† (Canton 13). These make code of ethics more than important to the organization as it ensures order in and secures the organization. In business, not all gifts are pleasant and safe to receive as, these can be sources of ethical issues, specifically conflict of interest – â€Å"occurs when a person’s or organization’s obligation to act in the interest of another is interested with by a competing interest that may obstruct the fulfillment of that obligation† (Crane & Matten 366) as illustrated in the case under review. Here, the stakeholders – the owner of a small printing business unexpectedly received a parcel containing 12 bottles of expensive scotch whisky in the mail from the manager of the business’s biggest contract delivery company, two weeks before New Year, yet a few weeks before the expiration of their contract. First, although gift giving is generally an act of goodwill, it is also a bribe. In this case, factors drawing the line between goodwill and bribe such as the relationship of the giver to the receiver, the timing, the costs, and the manner of delivery, i ndicate that the gift is meant to gain (Roa 106) the owner’s choice of Delivery Company in favor of the gift-giver as against other applicants. In this light, acceptance of this gift

Taguchi Definition Quality

Taguchi Definition Quality TAGUCHIS DEFINITION OF QUALITY The old traditional definition of quality states quality is conformance to specifications. This definition was expanded by Joseph M. Juran (1904-) in 1974 and then by the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) in 1983. Juran observed that quality is fitness for use. The ASQC defined quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs. Taguchi presented another definition of quality. His definition stressed the losses associated with a product.. It must be kept in mind here that society includes both the manufacturer and the customer. Loss associated with function variability includes, for example, energy and time (problem fixing), and money (replacement cost of parts). Losses associated with harmful side effects could be market shares for the manufacturer and/or the physical effects, such as of the drug thalidomide, for the consumer. TAGUCHIS LOSS FUNCTION Taguchis quality philosophy strongly emphasizes losses or costs. W. H. Moore asserted that this is an enlightened approach that embodies three important premises: for every product quality characteristic there is a target value which results in the smallest loss; deviations from target value always results in increased loss to society; [and] loss should be measured in monetary units (dollars, pesos, francs, etc.). depicts Taguchis typically loss function. The figure also contrasts Taguchis function with the traditional view that states there are no losses if specifications are met. It can be seen that small deviations from the target value result in small losses. These losses, however, increase in a nonlinear fashion as deviations from the target value increase. Where L(Y) is the expected loss associated with the specific value of Y. Essentially, this equation states that the loss is proportional to the square of the deviation of the measured value, Y, from the target value, T. This implies that any deviation from the target (based on customers desires and needs) will diminish customer satisfaction. This is in contrast to the traditional definition of quality that states that quality is conformance to specifications. It should be recognized that the constant k can be determined if the value of L(Y) associated with some Y value are both known. Of course, under many circumstances a quadratic function is only an approximation. Since Taguchis loss function is presented in monetary terms, it provides a common language for all the departments or components within a company. Finally, the loss function can be used to define performance measures of a quality characteristic of a product or service. This property of Taguchis loss function will be taken up in the next section. But to anticipate the discussion of this property, Taguchis quadratic function can be converted to: This can be accomplished by assuming Y has some probability distribution with mean, a and variance o.2 This second mathematical expression states that average or expected loss is due either to process variation or to being off target (called bias), or both. TAGUCHI, ROBUST DESIGN, AND THE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS Taguchi asserted that the development of his methods of experimental design started in Japan about 1948. These methods were then refined over the next several decades. They were introduced in the United States around 1980. Although, Taguchis approach was built on traditional concepts of design of experiments (DOE), such as factorial and fractional factorial designs and orthogonal arrays, he created and promoted some new DOE techniques such as signal-to-noise ratios, robust designs, and parameter and tolerance designs. Some experts in the field have shown that some of these techniques, especially signal-to-noise ratios, are not optimal under certain conditions. Nonetheless, Taguchis ideas concerning robust design and the design of experiments will now be discussed. DOE is a body of statistical techniques for the effective and efficient collection of data for a number of purposes. Two significant ones are the investigation of research hypotheses and the accurate determination of the relative effects of the many different factors that influence the quality of a product or process. DOE can be employed in both the product design phase and production phase. A crucial component of quality is a products ability to perform its tasks under a variety of conditions. Furthermore, the operating environmental conditions are usually beyond the control of the product designers, and, therefore robust designs are essential. Robust designs are based on the use of DOE techniques for finding product parameter settings (e.g., temperature settings or drill speeds), which enable products to be resilient to changes and variations in working environments. . To achieve economical product quality design, Taguchi proposed three phases: system design, parameter design, and tolerance design. In the first phase, system design, design engineers use their practical experience, along with scientific and engineering principles, to create a viably functional design. To elaborate, system design uses current technology, processes, materials, and engineering methods to define and construct a new system. The system can be a new product or process, or an improved modification of an existing product or process. . EXAMPLES AND CONCLUSIONS As Thomas P. Ryan has stated, Taguchi at the very least, has focused our attention on new objectives in achieving quality improvement. The statistical tools for accomplishing these objectives will likely continue to be developed. Quality management gurus, such as W. Edwards Deming (1900-1993) and Kaoru Ishikawa (1915-), have stressed the importance of continuous quality improvement by concentrating on processes upstream. This is a fundamental break with the traditional practice of relying on inspection downstream. Taguchi emphasized the importance of DOE in improving the quality of the engineering design of products and processes. As previously mentioned, however, his methods are frequently statistically inefficient and cumbersome. Nonetheless, Taguchis design of experiments have been widely applied and theoretically refined and extended. Two application cases and one refinement example will now be discussed. Taguchi methods Taguchi methods are statistical methods developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to, engineering, biotechnology, marketing and advertising. Professional statisticians have welcomed the goals and improvements brought about by Taguchi methods, particularly by Taguchis development of designs for studying variation, but have criticized the inefficiency of some of Taguchis proposals. Off-line quality control Taguchis rule for manufacturing Taguchi realized that the best opportunity to eliminate variation is during the design of a product and its manufacturing process. Consequently, he developed a strategy for quality engineering that can be used in both contexts. The process has three stages: System design Parameter design Tolerance design System design This is design at the conceptual level, involving creativity and innovation. Parameter design Once the concept is established, the nominal values of the various dimensions and design parameters need to be set, the detail design phase of conventional engineering. Taguchis radical insight was that the exact choice of values required is under-specified by the performance requirements of the system. In many circumstances, this allows the parameters to be chosen so as to minimize the effects on performance arising from variation in manufacture, environment and cumulative damage. This is sometimes called robustification. Tolerance design With a successfully completed parameter design, and an understanding of the effect that the various parameters have on performance, resources can be focused on reducing and controlling variation in the critical few dimensions Taguchi Method Design of Experiments The general steps involved in the Taguchi Method are as follows: 1. Define the process objective, or more specifically, a target value for a performance measure of the process. This may be a flow rate, temperature, etc. The target of a process may also be a minimum or maximum; for example, the goal may be to maximize the output flow rate. The deviation in the performance characteristic from the target value is used to define the loss function for the process. 2. Determine the design parameters affecting the process. Parameters are variables within the process that affect the performance measure such as temperatures, pressures, etc. that can be easily controlled. The number of levels that the parameters should be varied at must be specified. For example, a temperature might be varied to a low and high value of 40 C and 80 C. Increasing the number of levels to vary a parameter at increases the number of experiments to be conducted. 3. Create orthogonal arrays for the parameter design indicating the number of and conditions for each experiment. The selection of orthogonal arrays is based on the number of parameters and the levels of variation for each parameter, and will be expounded below. 4. Conduct the experiments indicated in the completed array to collect data on the effect on the performance measure. 5. Complete data analysis to determine the effect of the different parameters on the performance measure. A detailed description of the execution of these steps will be discussed next. Determining Parameter Design Orthogonal Array The effect of many different parameters on the performance characteristic in a condensed set of experiments can be examined by using the orthogonal array experimental design proposed by Taguchi. Once the parameters affecting a process that can be controlled have been determined, the levels at which these parameters should be varied must be determined. Determining what levels of a variable to test requires an in-depth understanding of the process, including the minimum, maximum, and current value of the parameter. If the difference between the minimum and maximum value of a parameter is large, the values being tested can be further apart or more values can be tested. If the range of a parameter is small, then less values can be tested or the values tested can be closer together. For example, if the temperature of a reactor jacket can be varied between 20 and 80 degrees C and it is known that the current operating jacket temperature is 50 degrees C, three levels might be chosen at 20, 50, and 80 degrees C. Also, the cost of conducting experiments must be considered when determining the number of levels of a parameter to include in the experimental design. In the previous example of jacket temperature, it would be cost prohibitive to do 60 levels at 1 degree intervals. Typically, the number of levels for all parameters in the experimental design is chosen to be the same to aid in the selection of the proper orthogonal array. Knowing the number of parameters and the number of levels, the proper orthogonal array can be selected. Using the array selector table shown below, the name of the appropriate array can be found by looking at the column and row corresponding to the number of parameters and number of levels. Once the name has been determined (the subscript represents the number of experiments that must be completed), the predefined array can be looked up. Links are provided to many of the predefined arrays given in the array selector table. These arrays were created using an algorithm Taguchi developed, and allows for each variable and setting to be tested equally. For example, if we have three parameters (voltage, temperature, pressure) and two levels (high, low), it can be seen the proper array is L4. Clicking on the link L4 to view the L4 array, it can be seen four different experiments are given in the array. The levels designated as 1, 2, 3 etc. should be replaced in the array with the actual lev el values to be varied and P1, P2, P3 should be replaced with the actual parameters (i.e. voltage, temperature, etc.) Array Selector Important Notes Regarding Selection + Use of Orthogonal Arrays Note 1 The array selector assumes that each parameter has the same number of levels. Sometimes this is not the case. Generally, the highest value will be taken or the difference will be split. The following examples offer insight on choosing and properly using an orthogonal array. Examples 1 and 2 focus on array choice, while Example 3 will demonstrate how to use an orthogonal array in one of these situations. Example 1: # Parameter: A, B, C, D = 4 # Levels: 3, 3, 3, 2 = ~3 Array: L9 Example 2: # Parameter: A, B, C, D, E, F = 6 # Levels: 4, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2 = ~3 Array: modified L16 Example 3: A reactors behavior is dependent upon impeller model, mixer speed, the control algorithm employed, and the cooling water valve type. The possible values for each are as follows: Impeller model: A, B, or C Mixer speed: 300, 350, or 400 RPM Control algorithm: PID, PI, or P Valve type: butterfly or globe There are 4 parameters, and each one has 3 levels with the exception of valve type. The highest number of levels is 3, so we will use a value of 3 when choosing our orthogonal array. Using the array selector above, we find that the appropriate orthogonal array is L9: When we replace P1, P2, P3, and P4 with our parameters and begin filling in the parameter values, we find that the L9 array includes 3 levels for valve type, while our system only has 2. The appropriate strategy is to fill in the entries for P4=3 with 1 or 2 in a random, balanced way. For example: Here, the third value was chosen twice as butterfly and once as global. Note 2 If the array selected based on the number of parameters and levels includes more parameters than are used in the experimental design, ignore the additional parameter columns. For example, if a process has 8 parameters with 2 levels each, the L12 array should be selected according to the array selector. As can be seen below, the L12 Array has columns for 11 parameters (P1-P11). The right 3 columns should be ignored. Analyzing Experimental Data Once the experimental design has been determined and the trials have been carried out, the measured performance characteristic from each trial can be used to analyze the relative effect of the different parameters. To demonstrate the data analysis procedure, the following L9 array will be used, but the principles can be transferred to any type of array. In this array, it can be seen that any number of repeated observations (trials) may be used. Ti,j represents the different trials with i = experiment number and j = trial number. It should be noted that the Taguchi method allows for the use of a noise matrix including external factors affecting the process outcome rather than repeated trials, but this is outside of the scope of this article. To determine the effect each variable has on the output, the signal-to-noise ratio, or the SN number, needs to be calculated for each experiment conducted. The calculation of the SN for the first experiment in the array above is shown below for the case of a specific target value of the performance characteristic. In the equations below, yi is the mean value and si is the variance. yi is the value of the performance characteristic for a given experiment. {SN_{i}}=10logfrac{bar{y_{i}}^2}{{s_{i}}^2} Where bar y_{i}=frac {1}{N_{i}}sum_{u=1}^{N_{i}}y_{i,u} s_{i}^2=frac {1}{N_{i}-1}sum_{u=1}^{N_{i}}left ( y_{i,u}-bar y_{i} right ) i = Experiment;number u=Trial;number N_{i}=Number;of;trials;for;experiment;i For the case of minimizing the performance characteristic, the following definition of the SN ratio should be calculated: {SN_{i}}=-10logleft(sum_{u=1}^{N_{i}}frac{y_{u}^2}{N_{i}}right) For the case of maximizing the performance characteristic, the following definition of the SN ratio should be calculated: {SN_{i}}=-10logleft[frac{1}{N_{i}}sum_{u=1}^{N_{i}}frac{1}{y_{u}^2}right] After calculating the SN ratio for each experiment, the average SN value is calculated for each factor and level. This is done as shown below for Parameter 3 (P3) in the array: {SN_{color{red}P3,1}}=frac{(S_{N1}+S_{N6}+S_{N8})}{3},! {SN_{color{blue}P3,2}}=frac{(S_{N2}+S_{N4}+S_{N9})}{3},! {SN_{color{green}P3,3}}=frac{(S_{N3}+S_{N5}+S_{N7})}{3},! Once these SN ratio values are calculated for each factor and level, they are tabulated as shown below and the range R (R = high SN low SN)of the SN for each parameter is calculated and entered into the table. The larger the R value for a parameter, the larger the effect the variable has on the process. This is because the same change in signal causes a larger effect on the output variable being measured. Problems Problem: You have just produced one thousand 55 gallon drums of sesame oil for sale to your distributors. However, just before you are to ship oil, one of your employees remembers that one of the oil barrels was temporarily used to store insecticide and is almost surely contaminated. Unfortunately, all of the barrels look the same. One barrel of sesame oil sells for $1000, while each assay for insecticide in food oil costs $1200 and takes 3 days. Tests for insectide are extremely expensive. What do you do? Solution: Extreme multiplexing. This is similar to using a Taguchi method but optimized for very sparse systems and specific cases. For example, instead of 1000 barrels, let us consider 8 barrels for now, one of which is contaminated. We could test each one, but that would be highly expensive. Another solution is to mix samples from each barrel and test the mixtures. Mix barrels 1,2,3,4 > Sample A Mix barrels 1,2,5,6 > Sample B Mix barrels 1,3,5,7 > Sample C We claim that from testing only these three mixtures, we can determine which of the 8 barrels was contaminated. Let us consider some possible results of these tests. We will use the following label scheme: +/-,+/-,+/- in order of A, B, C. Thus, +,-,+ indicates A and C showed contamination but not B. Possible Result 1: -,-,- The only barrel not mixed in was #8, so it is contaminated. Possible Result 2: +,-,- Barrel #4 appears in A, but not in B and C. Since only A returned positive, barrel #4 was contaminated. Possible Result 3: -,+,- Barrel #6 appears in B, but not in A and C. Since only B returned positive, barrel #6 was contaminated. We can see that we have 23 = 8 possible results, each of which corresponds to a particular barrel being contaminated. We leave the rest of the cases for the reader to figure out. Solution with 1,000 barrels: Mix samples from each barrel and test mixtures. Each mixture will consist of samples from a unique combination of 500 barrels. Experiments required = log2 (1000) =~10. Solution with 1,000,000 barrels: Experiments required = log2(1000000)=~20. Thus, by using extreme multiplexing, we can greatly reduce the # of experiments needed, since the # of experiments scales with log2(# of barrels) instead of # of barrels. Worked out Example A microprocessor company is having difficulty with its current yields. Silicon processors are made on a large die, cut into pieces, and each one is tested to match specifications. The company has requested that you run experiments to increase processor yield. The factors that affect processor yields are temperature, pressure, doping amount, and deposition rate. a) Question: Determine the Taguchi experimental design orthogonal array. The operating conditions for each parameter and level are list A: Temperature A1 = 100 ºC A2 = 150 ºC (current) A3 = 200 ºC B: Pressure B1 = 2 psi B2 = 5 psi (current) B3 = 8 psi C: Doping Amount C1 = 4% C2 = 6% (current) C3 = 8% D: Deposition Rate D1 = 0.1 mg/s D2 = 0.2 mg/s (current) D3 = 0.3 mg/s a) Solution: The L9 orthogonal array should be used. The filled in orthogonal array should look like this: This setup allows the testing of all four variables without having to run 81 [=34=(3 Temperatures)(3 Pressures)(3 Doping Amounts)(3 Deposition rates)] separate trials. b) Question: Conducting three trials for each experiment, the data below was collected. Compute the SN ratio for each experiment for the target value case, create a response chart, and determine the parameters that have the highest and lowest effect on the processor yield. b) Solution: Shown below is the calculation and tabulation of the SN ratio. {S_{m1}}=frac{(87.3+82.3+70.7)^{2}}{3}=19248.0,! {S_{T1}}=87.3^2+82.3^2+70.7^2=19393.1,! {S_{e1}}={S_{T1}}-{S_{m1}}=19393.1-19248.0=145.0,! {V_{e1}}=frac{S_{e1}}{N-1}=frac{145.1}{2}=72.5,! {SN_{1}}=10 log frac{(1/N)(S_{m1}-V_{e1})}{V_{e1}}=10 log frac{(1/3)(19248.0-145.1)}{145.1}=19.5,! Shown below is the response table. This table was created by calculating an average SN value for each factor. A sample calculation is shown for Factor B (pressure): {SN_{color{red}B1}}=frac{(19.5+17.6+22.2)}{3}=19.8,! {SN_{color{blue}B2}}=frac{(21.4+14.3+24.0)}{3}=19.9,! {SN_{color{green}B3}}=frac{(19.3+29.2+20.4)}{3}=23.0,! The effect of this factor is then calculated by determining the range: Delta = Max Min = 23.0-19.8=3.2,! It can be seen that deposition rate has the largest effect on the processor yield and that temperature has the smallest effect on the processor yield. Extreme Example: Sesame Seed Suffering Problem: You have just produced one thousand 55 gallon drums of sesame oil for sale to your distributors. However, just before you are to ship oil, one of your employees remembers that one of the oil barrels was temporarily used to store insecticide and is almost surely contaminated. Unfortunately, all of the barrels look the same. One barrel of sesame oil sells for $1000, while each assay for insecticide in food oil costs $1200 and takes 3 days. Tests for insectide are extremely expensive. What do you do? Solution: Extreme multiplexing. This is similar to using a Taguchi method but optimized for very sparse systems and specific cases. For example, instead of 1000 barrels, let us consider 8 barrels for now, one of which are contaminated. We could test each one, but that would be highly expensive. Another solution is to mix samples from each barrel and test the mixtures. Mix barrels 1,2,3,4 > Sample A Mix barrels 1,2,5,6 > Sample B Mix barrels 1,3,5,7 > Sample C We claim that from testing only these three mixtures, we can determine which of the 8 barrels was contaminated. Let us consider some possible results of these tests. We will use the following label scheme: +/-,+/-,+/- in order of A, B, C. Thus, +,-,+ indicates A and C showed contamination but not B. Possible Result 1: -,-,- The only barrel not mixed in was #8, so it is contaminated. Possible Result 2: +,-,- Barrel #4 appears in A, but not in B and C. Since only A returned positive, barrel #4 was contaminated. Possible Result 3: -,+,- Barrel #6 appears in B, but not in A and C. Since only B returned positive, barrel #6 was contaminated. We can see that we have 23 = 8 possible results, each of which corresponds to a particular barrel being contaminated. We leave the rest of the cases for the reader to figure out. Solution with 1,000 barrels: Mix samples from each barrel and test mixtures. Each mixture will consist of samples from a unique combination of 500 barrels. Experiments required = log2(1000)=~10. Solution with 1,000,000 barrels: Experiments required = log2(1000000)=~20. Thus, by using extreme multiplexing, we can greatly reduce the # of experiments needed, since the # of experiments scales with log2(# of barrels) instead of # of barrels. Other Methods of Experimental Design Two other methods for determining experimental design are factorial design and random design. For scenarios with a small number of parameters and levels (1-3) and where each variable contributes significantly, factorial design can work well to determine the specific interactions between variables. However, factorial design gets increasingly complex with an increase in the number of variables. For large systems with many variables (50+) where there are few interactions between variables, random design can be used. Random design assigns each variable a state based on a uniform sample (ex: 3 states = 0.33 probability) for the selected number of experiments. When used properly (in a large system), random design usually produces an experimental design that is desired. However, random design works poorly for systems with a small number of variables. To obtain a even better understanding of these three different methods, its good to get a visual of these three methods. It will illustrate the degree of efficiency for each experimental design depending on the number of variables and the number of states for each variable. The following will have the three experimental designs for the same scenario. Scenario. You have a CSTR that has four(4) variables and each variable has three or two states. You are to design an experiment to systematically test the effect of each of the variables in the current CSTR. Experimental Design #1: Factorial Design By looking at the # variables and # states, there should be a total of 54 experiments because (3impellers)(3speeds)(3controllers)(2valves)=54. Heres a list of these 54 experiments: Experimental Design #2: Taguchi Method Since you know the # of states and variables, you can refer to the table above in this wiki and obtain the correct Taguchi array. It turns out to be a L9 array. With the actual variables and states, the L9 array should look like the following: Experimental Design #3: Random Design Since we do not know the number of signal recoveries we want and we dont know the probabilities of each state to happen, it will be difficult to construct a random design table. It will mostly be used for extreme large experiments. Refer to the link below to help you obtain a better grasp on the random design concept. Dr. Genichi Taguchi Dr. Taguchi built on the work of Plackett and Burman by combining statistics and engineering to achieve rapid improvements in product designs and manufacturing processes. His efforts led to a subset of screening experiments commonly referred to the Taguchi Techniques or the Taguchi Method ®. Major Premises of Taguchi Techniques Focus on the robustness of the product. Make the product correctly in spite of variation in materials and processes. Design the product to be insensitive to the common cause variation that exists in the process. Quantify the effects of deviation using the Quality Loss Function The Quality Loss Function, L(y), provides both a conceptual and a quantifiable means to demonstrate the impact of deviation from target. Noise Factors Taguchi calls common cause variation the â€Å"noise.† Noise factors are classified into three categories: Outer Noise, Inner Noise, and Between Product Noise. Taguchis approach is not to eliminate or ignore the noise factors; Taguchi techniques aim to reduce the effect or impact of the noise on the product quality. Quality Loss Function The Loss Function can help put the cost of deviation from target into perspective. The loss represents a summation of rework, repair, warranty cost plus customer dissatisfaction, bad reputation, and eventual loss of market share for the manufacturer. Signal to Noise Ratio Taguchis emphasis on minimizing deviation from target led him to develop measures of the process output that incorporate both the location of the output as well as the variation. These measures are called signal to noise ratios. The signal to noise ratio provides a measure of the impact of noise factors on performance. The larger the S/N, the more robust the product is against noise. Calculation of the S/N ratio depends on the experimental objective: Derivation of Taguchi Matrices Taguchi matrices are derived from classical Full Factorial arrays. As with Plackett-Burman designs, Taguchi designs are based on the assumption that interactions are not likely to be significant. Taguchi designs have been developed to study factors at two-levels, three-levels, four-levels, and even with mixed levels. The levels in Taguchi matrices have historically been reported as Level 1 and Level 2 for two-level experiments. These levels are no different than the Low (-) Level and the High (+) Level used in Full Factorial designs and by Plackett and Burman. For more than two levels, experimenters typically use Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, etc. for Taguchi designs. Types of Taguchi Designs A series of Taguchi designs for studying factors at two-levels are available. Two-level designs include the L4, L8, and L16 matrices. The L4 design studies up to 3 factors. The most popular Taguchi designs are the L8 and L16 that study up to 7 and 15 factors respectively. The L4, L8, and L16 designs are geometric designs based on the 22, 23, and 24 Full Factorial matrices respectively. They are based on the Full Factorials so that interactions can be studied if desired. Non-geometric Taguchi designs include the L12, L20, and L24 designs that can study up to 11, 19, and 23 factors respectively. There are other two-level Taguchi Matrices, both geometric and non-geometric, designed to study even more factors, but it is rare that larger numbers of factors can be studied in a practical, feasible, or cost-effective manner. Analysis of Interactions While Taguchi views interactions as noise factors and most likely not significant, he does offer techniques to evaluate the impact of two-way interactions on responses. Taguchi provides two techniques to explore interactions in a screening experiment. The linear graph is a graphical tool that facilitates the assignment of factors and their interactions to the experimental matrix. Some experimenters find the interaction tables developed from the linear graphs to be easier to use. Three-Level Matrices * Taguchi screening designs for three levels exist. o The L9 looks at 4 factors at 3 levels. o An L27 can be used to study up to 13 factors at 3 levels and an L81 can evaluate up to 40 factors at 3 levels. * Taguchi designs for 4 levels and 5 levels are available. Matrices with Outer Arrays